01. New World/ Columbian Exchange ("Rapid Review")

Renaissance

New technology that developed from this period highly contributed to exploration and colonization of the New World, growth of commerce (mercantilism) , and increased competition among developing nation-states

Protestant Reformation

One of the many reasons Europe moves toward exploration. Leads to competition for converts between Catholic and Protestant countries and religious persecution causes some groups to seek religious refuge in the new world. This also sets a precedence for resistance against established authority. \n \n Conflict between Catholics and Anglican Protestants causes the 1688 Glorious Revolution which then inspires John Locke to write his Two Treatises of Government (Life, Liberty, Property), which inspires Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence.... "Life...Liberty...Pursuit of Happiness"

Conquistadores

(1)Secured Spain's initial supremacy in the New World. (2)Spain's wealth greatly increased from all of he gold taken from the natives= world power 1500s. (3)Responsible for Columbian Exchange which resulted in not only exchange in technology and agricultural goods but also the (4)spread of disease (esp small pox) that decimated native populations; (5)and Traveled as single men = resulted in intermarriage with Natives = mestizo= rigid racial hierarchy at first. (later $=social status) (6) their success inspires other nations to colonize (7)helped spread Catholicism to New World

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Columbian Exchange

One of the most important events in history. Because of the biological exchange of disease, Indian nations collapsed which led to the European conquest. It led to the increased demand for African slavery because of cash crops like sugar and tobacco thrived in the soil of the Western Hemisphere. It explains why the economies of the colonies thrived as well as the populations of Europe increased with new food sources. More people = surplus= future colonists. (It also explains why pasta marinara has tomato sauce and Ireland depended on the potato.....:-)

Small Pox

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Decimated the Native Populations and made conquest much easier. Europeans had no true knowledge that they were carriers of the disease so in their limited knowledge they believed God had sent the pestilence upon the Indians therefore justifying for them, their conquest of Native lands.

Encomienda System

Created a system of dominance and exploitation and evidence of Spanish brutality. Foreshadows the need for African Slaves to become a new labor force and also foreshadows the Pueblo Revolt.

Asiento System

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Shows the growing demand for African slave labor in the new world due to the growing demand for sugarcane. Also = evidence of Spanish mercantilism or rather permission to break strict Spanish mercantilism. (Because the demand for African slaves was so great the Spanish king granted permission to trade outside the empire)

mestizo

This Spanish and Indian mix helped to establish a rigid social hierarchy based on race. This is a term used to compare to the English who practiced "transplantations" rather than assimilate with the Natives.

Caste System

A social hierarchy and class structure determined by birth. In the early years of Spanish colonization intermarriage and the creation of the mestizo class created one of these until race was replaced by wealth. Spanish society structure.

Presidio

Spanish fort in the Americas built to protect mission settlements

Viceroys

This term provides evidence to demonstrate Spain does not develop representative government in the New World but rather will maintain direct rule from the King. It compares to the British who develop representative government as evidenced by the Virginia House of Burgesses and the other colonial assemblies that serve as little "mini Parliaments" in the British colonies. 

Pueblo Revolt

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Led to greater accommodations to the Natives on the frontier. Allowed the Pueblo to own land, replaced the encomienda system; The Spanish were more tolerant of tribal ritual practices. 

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This event demonstrated colonial tension and set a precedent for rebellion against authority. (Also, the rigid racial hierarchy characteristic of the Spanish begins to deteriorate....the "pyramid" begins to collapse and wealth replaces race as indication of social status)

Bartolome de Las Casas

Although he was unable to successfully end slavery in New Spain he was influential in gaining some concessions for the natives. He becomes known as the "Protector of the Indians" and played a huge role in the Valladolid Debate.

Valladolid Debate

De Las Casas v. Juan Gines de Sepulveda. De las Casas was officially recognized as the protector of the Indians. "And, more important to the context of world in U.S. history, the discussion was the first European discussion about the morality of European colonization of new lands, and not only the colonization of those lands, but how the populations in those new lands should be treated

Mercantilism

\- increased competition among nations \n - drastically increased the desire to acquire more colonies \n --Spanish example of this: trade through a single port, encomienda and asiento systems \n --English example of this: Navigation Acts, Board of Trade \n --Britain's economic policies based on this theory will contribute to the American Revolution.

Richard Hakluyt

He is the most important propagandist for English colonization efforts. His writings not only inspired British colonies in the Americas, but provides modern historians with the best source of information concerning early English voyages to North America. Also, he is one of the original investors in the Virginia Company that founded Jamestown.

Roanoake

First real attempt at English colonization in North America. 

Their story has become part of American folklore and mystery. The fate of the colonist has been the continued focus of archaeologists and historians in modern times. Although many believe the colonist assimilated with local tribes, it has never been definitively proven so the mystery remains......

Catholic Missions

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Prevalent in the 17th Century. Established a Spanish presence in Florida, Texas and the Spanish Southwest (present day CA, NM, AZ, NV) and became the economic backbone of the New Spain and the Spanish frontier. Eventual suppression of Indian tribal rituals will lead to the Pueblo Revolt.

Coureurs de Bois

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Along with the Jesuits, these fur traders helped the economy of New France grow. Their location in the interior led to the French to be the most tolerant and respectful of tribal traditions and religions.