ANML SC 501 midterm #2- Animal nutrition

Animals that do not have gall bladders

Horses and rats

Monogastric Digestive System steps

Stomach -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Duodenum -> Jejunum -> Ileum -> Cecum -> Colon -> Rectum -> Anus

Where does fiber breakdown in horses and why?

Fiber breaks down in the cecum and colon in horses because there are no digestive enzymes in their saliva and the esophagus is not adapted for regurgitation

What are the accessory organs and what does each one do?

-Liver: produces bile that breaks down fatty acids and stores iron
-Pancreas: produces and secrets digestive enzymes

Do chickens have 2 ceca?

Yes

What are some examples of ruminants?

cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk, moose

What kind of animals only have bottom incisors?

Herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats, and horses

A large fermentation vat, covered in papillae. Microorganisms synthesize amino acids from non-protein nitrogen and B-complex vitamins

Rumen

The honeycomb that filters out large particles of feed and catches hardware that shouldn't be in the digestive system.

Reticulum

Known as the bible stomach due to its manypiles. Where water is squeezed out of feed and where water, electrolytes, and volatile fatty acids are absorbed.

Omasum

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

Which nutrient is the cheapest?

Water

Which nutrient is the most expensive?

protein

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

What is the amino acid in cats that aids in retinal health?

Taurine

What are the two essential amino acids for poultry?

Glycine and Serine

How do you calculate crude protein?

%N x 6.25

What does ADF stand for?

Acid Detergent Fiber

What does NDF stand for?

Neutral Detergent Fiber

What does NDSC stand for?

Neutral Detergent-Soluble Carbohydrates

What does NDSF stand for?

Neutral Detergent-Soluble Fiber

What carbohydrate composition is the least digestible?

Lignin

What is the energy difference between fats and carbohydrates?

Fats have 2.25x more energy than carbohydrates

What is DM?

Dry Matter, it is what remains when water is removed from a feed

What is Gross Energy ?

total energy in feed

What is Digestible Energy?

gross energy - fecal energy
The amount of energy in a feed digested by the animal

What is metabolizable energy?

digestible energy - urinary and gas energy
The measurement of energy in a feed used by the animal

What is net energy?

the amount of energy in a feed used for specific body functions
GE-(Fecal energy + gaseous & urinary energy)

What is oleic acid?

unsaturated fatty acids prone to rancidity

Where is fat stored in the animal body?

Subcutaneously, surrounding internal organs, and marbling and milk

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have single bonds and unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds

Which minerals are required for skeletal formation?

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, copper, and manganese.

Ca, P, Mg, Cu, & Mn

What minerals are required for oxygen transport?

Iron and copper
Fe & Cu

Which minerals are required for fluid balance and acid-base balance?

Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium.
Na, Cl, & K

Why are vitamins essential?

For health, reproduction, lactation, growth, and general maintenance