Homeostasis NSC

Thermoregulation is at the center for body’s regulation of hemeostasis via> (Hint: Their are 4 important things to note)

Negative Feedback
Redundancy

Behavioral Homeostasis
Concept of allostasis

Body is the balance of our?

Biological, Physiological, and Behavior mechanism’s

What are these mechanisms maintained from?

Acidity, Saltiness, Water Level, Oxygenation, Temperature, and energy availability

These maintenance will maintain Homeostasis, what is that?

A relatively stable, balanced internal environment optimized for cellular activities

Deviations from the optimal internal state/ Homeostasis will affect the? (Hint: It’s the word and definition)

Motivation, psychological process that induces or sustains a particular behavior

Endotherms, are species/animals that

Produce their own body heat through metabolism and muscle activity

What is a key fact for endotherms

Can sustain activity for long periods because they use oxygen to fuel constant heat production

Exotherms are living species/animals that

Get their heat from the external environment rather than producing it internally

The closed system regulates our hemostatic mechanism balances between the?

Positive and negative feedback systems

What are a few homeostatic mechanisms that are primarily negative feedback systems?

Mechanisms that regulate temperature, body fluids, and metabolism

A deviation from a desired value called the ____ ___, will trigger a?

Set Point
A Compensatory action of the system

What is Negative Feedback?

Body detects a change away from a normal setpoint, activates a response to correct that change, and then shuts the response off once the setpoint is restored

Example of Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback (Mostly negative I think)

Thermostat regulation of the human body is within narrow range 36–38°C. In fever, high temperature triggers the thermostat regulation to release heat outside the body to prevent denaturalization of the proteins and vice versa in cold temperature to prevent the crystallization.

Redundancy is defined as an important assets to maintain?

Keep the internal environment stable—regulating temperature, water balance, and energy stores by monitoring what we have, conserving what we need, obtaining new resources, and eliminating excess.

Example of Redundnacy

Shivering, sweating, burning fat, and changing blood flow are just a few examples of the many ways the body can increase or decrease its temperature. 

Kep players that regulate temperature is the?

Preoptic area, however, many areas of the brain and body are involved in regulating it

Behavioral Compensation relates to

Behavioral changes that are necessary for survival and maintaining homeostasis

Example of Behavioral Compensation

As a human we regulate body temperatures by (1) changing exposure of the body surface, for example by huddling or extending limbs; (2) changing  external insulation, such as by using clothing or nests; and (3) changing surroundings, moving into the sun, into the shade, or into a burrow.

Allostasis is the?

Continuous shifting/adjusting in response of the body to accommodate sudden changes in the activity level and stress

Allostatic load is the?

Wear and tear of daily life

Two compartments are present in the body through which ions and salts pass being

Intracellular versus Extracellular Compartments

How does diffusion occur for ICF and ECF with things like glucose, and blood?

Idk ask Copilot

What does Extracellular compartments include?

Interstitial fluid (the fluid between cells) and Blood Plasma (protein-rich fluid that carries RBC and WBC)

Water movement occurs through these compartments in and out of cells via?

Specialized protein channels called aquaporins, and through ion channels that prefer water along it’s preferred ions

Two driving forces that drives the water movement across the cell are?

Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion is the process where in?

Passive movement of ions occur across water compartments to maintain uniform distribution (High concentration to Lower)

Osmosis is the movement of

Water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration to equalize the two solutions

She said a whole lot of stuff earlier

She skipped slides 8-9 so go back to them

Osmotic thirst is triggered when ______ increases.

Plasma Osmolarity (too many solutes, and too little water —→ Need water)
Solute increase in extracellular fluid increases pull of water from intracellular

Hypovolemic thirst is triggered when ______ decreases.

Blood volume or pressure is low (loss of water from Extracellular)

Summary of Thirst

For Hypovolemic Thirst, it is triggered by the decrease of fluid volume called Hypovolemia, what are some causes?

Blood Loss, Vomiting, and Diarrhea present with symptoms of low BP and pulse rate

The Rapid decrease in extracellular volume is first detected by the?

Baroreceptors present in Major blood vessels which send signals to hypothalamus

For Hypovolemic Thirst, what are the main two hormones involved in the conversation

Vasopressin, and Angiotensin are the main, but other hormones like Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Renin

Hypovolemia decreases ___ followed by triggering the brain to secrete more _________ which acts on the ____ ____ and _____ to activate _______ ______ ______ to conserve water and solutes

ANP
Vasopressin
Adrenal Glands and Kidneys
Renin angiotensin system

Go over Slide 9 and 11, on original slide show

Explain the terms of Glucose, Glycogen, Glycogenesis, and Lipids

Glucose is the main fuel for energy
Glycogen is glucose stored for short term in liver
Glycogenesis is converting glucose to glycogen using insulin
Lipds are long term storage in fat tissue

The brain integrates insulin and glucose levels with other information to decide when to start or stop eating (Diagram is flip side)

What is Ghrelin and Leptin? (Hint: function and location where it is made)

Ghrelin is the Hunger Hormone made from GI tract
Leptin is the Satiety hormone made from adipose cells

Leptins main function is to give a feeling of fullness, what happens if their was a defect in leptin production?

Give a falsely low report on body fat, causing animals to overeat

Obese people are?

Leptin resistant

Over nutrition inflames the Hypothalamus causing?

Obesity, diabetes, and heart disease

Two diagrams of Leptin, one on front other on Back

If Ghrelin levels are elevated a.k.a Prader-Willi it will cause?

Insatiable hunger, always hungry feeling

Prader-Willi is usually caused by a?

Deletion of a part of chromosome 15. Defects in the Hypothalamus

Their is a missing slide going over GLP-1, not present on Original Slide show, come back to this

Two regions of the Hypothalamus are the? (Hint: Name and Center Idea)

Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Satiety Center (Sensation of Fullness)
Lateral Hypothalamus: Hunger center (Sensation of hunger)

The Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus has two neurons being the?

POMC (Pro‑opiomelanocortin neurons): Inhibit appetite and raise metabolism

NYP (Neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (Agouti-related peptide): Stimulate appetite, and lower metabolism

Leptin inhibits _____ ________ and stimulates _____ _______

Inhibits NPY
Stimultes POMC