AP PSYCH-COGNITION AND MEMORY

Constructed memory

a false memory believed to me true

Process of Memory

Three-box model, information processing mode, an Atkinson-Shiffron model

1rst box

sensory/split seconds, brain filters out most incoming stimuli because it's to distracting

2nd box

short term/working(under a minute) , think waking up and recalling a a dream then you brush your teeth and forget it

3rd box

retrieve the info, study and repeat to get it to long term memory

consolidation

memory retrieves sleep, process of sensory memories changing into long term, happens when we sleep

encoding

trying to store info in memory

retrieval

brining information out of long term memory into consciousness

Eidetic memotry

photographic memory

Chunking

breaking down large amount of info into smaller units like a phone number or social security number

maintenance rehearsal

repetition is boring/shallow

Elaboratie Rehearsal

attach new information to already existing info so it stays longer and deeper

Levels of Processing theory

a theory that suggests the depth of processing influences how well information is retained; deeper processing leads to better memory retention than shallow processing.

Procedural memory

how to do something

Explicit/declarative memory

memories you are aware of

Implicit/Nondeclarative memory

memories you are unaware of, have no idea where you heard it from. ex speaking style

Episodic memory

remembering a specific event

Consolidation-

biological process of short-term memories becoming stable long-term memories, happens when we sleep

Engram

memories/thoughts impacts brain chemistry, ex PTSD

Long term Potentiation

learning/training/constant thinking strengthens neural connections in brain

Anterograde Amnesia

can’t form new memories, hippocampus

Retrograde amnesia

can’t remember old memories, but can make new ones

Flashbulb memory

vivid, detailed intense permanent recollection of an event

Priming

cues that affect an action, stimulate a memory without awareness(implicit) of the connection between the cue and retrieved memory ex: saying its raining cats and dogs and then ask to pick an animal and pick dogs

Mere exposure effect

the more we are exposed to something, the more we are influenced by it

Mood congruent memory

the mood we are in will influence what we remember

State dependent memory

we only remember something when we are in the same state as when the situation happened

TOT(tip of the tongue)

inability to recall a word, even though it is in our memory

“Seven Sins of Memory”(Schacter)

1. Transience

2. Absent

3. Blocking

4. Misattribution

5. Suggestibility/framing

6. Bias/heuristic

Transcience

Temporary(Ebbing house forgetting theory curve)

Absent

Memory retrieval failure, often due to distraction or interference, multitasking

Blocking

serial position effect

Serial position effect

recall/memory os affected by order of sequence

Primacy

tendency to remember the first piece/beginning of informational series

Recency

the tendency to remember the last information in a series

Proactive Interference

the old information/behaviour blocks the retrievall of the new infod

Retroactive Interference

the new information blocks remembering the old

Misattribution

accidental mistake

Suggestabilty/framing

the influence of misleading information on memory recall or perception.

Bias/Heuristic

our beliefs, attitudes, prejudices

self consistency bias

people think they are consistent in their beliefd sand behaviors over time, even when they may not be, pick and choose

Hindsight bias

after an event, people act like an expert believe they could have predicted the outcome.

Anchoring bias

people estimate based on something completely unreleated ex ppl stuck in their ways

Belief perseverance

ppl stick to their belief even when proven wrong

Confirmation bias

people look for examples to prove they are right, ex cherry picking

Representative Heuristic/bias

personal experience, all similar people are exactly the same, making judgments based on stereotypes rather than accurate probabilities.

Availability Heauristic/bias

decision/prediction based on info that is readily available in memory, often influenced by recent events or media.

Persistence

the continued effort to remember certain information or experiences, even when they are distressing or unwanted.

Aptituates

innate talen

overlearning

the process of practicing or studying material beyond the point of mastery to enhance retention and recall.

Mnemonics

trick to help us remember something, method of loci(location) associate words with familiar objects

Algorithm

formula guarantees sucsess

Heuristic

shortcut, no guarantee for sucsess

Language Association Device(LAD)

the innate ability in humans to acquire language, proposed by Noam Chomsky.

Phoneme

smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one sound from another(vowels)

Morpheme

smallest unit of several sounds(letters) that go together and cannot be divided

Sytax

rules and structures of a language

Holophase

one word command an infant says

overgeneralization

a language error where children apply grammatical rules too broadly, such as saying "goed" instead of "went."

Scheme(Jean Piaget)

cognitive framework, mental picture of how to do something, organize info

Script

a type of schema that outlines the expected sequence of events in specific contexts, helping individuals understand and anticipate situations. (physical action)

Selective attention

awareness consciousness that is focused on a particular stimulus

inattentional blindness

unable to see things in front of you, focused on something else

change blindness

not notcing changes in the environment due to a lack of attention to those alterations.

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, influenced by prior experiences and expectations.

Gestalt

german word meaning whole, tendency to organize info into wholes

stroboscopic movement

illusion of movent that is continuous

Autokinetic effect

illusionof a stationary point of light moving in a dark room due to eye movements.

Perceptual constancy

the perception of an object as unchanging despite changes in sensory input, such as size, shape, and color.

Color constancy

perceiving objects based on a consistent color

Perceptual adaptation

the ability of the visual system to adjust to changes in the environment, such as altered visual input or distortion.

cognition

thinking, remembering

metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

prototype

image of a categorym quick to process, sort items

assimilation

the process of integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas.

accommodate

the process of adjusting one's existing schemas or ideas to incorporate new information.

mental set

a tendency to approach problems in a particular way, often based on past experiences or habits.

Tversky and Kahneman

everyone makes quick decisions, same mental standards allow for imperfect logic

Effortfor processing

the mental activity required to encode, store, and retrieve information in memory.

Automatic processing

the unconscious and effortless encoding of information, such as space, time, and frequency, without deliberate effort.

spacing effect

the phenomenon where information is better retained when study sessions are spaced out over time rather than crammed together.

shallow processing

a basic level of encoding that focuses on the physical and sensory features of information, such as its appearance or sound, rather than its meaning.

deep processing

a more advanced level of encoding that involves a focus on the meaning and implications of information, promoting better retention and understanding.

loftus

showed that eyewitness accounts will reconstruct their memories after an accident

source amnesia

memory is fault ydue to a lack of accuracy in recalling the origin of the memory, often leading to confusion about where or how the information was learned.