dejoseph's psych review but on knowt

Robert Sternburg

A psychologist who created the triarchic theory of intelligence and theories related to creativity, wisdom, and thinking styles.

David Weschsler

A psychologist who created the WISC-IV, a test measuring the intellectual ability of children 6-10 y.o., and the WAIS, which is designed to measure intelligence in adults.

Lewis Terman

Published the Stanford-Binet test. Advocated for support and guidance for kids identified as gifted in order to nurture their talents and abilities.

Alfred Binet

A French psychologist who played a dominant role in experimental psychology, and found a way to distinguish children with cognitive impairments to ensure they receive the educational services they need. He developed the Binet-Simon IQ test.

Vestibular System

A system responsible for maintaining balance, posture, and body orientation.

Self Efficacy

An individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors needed to produce specific performance attainments. Ex. - someone sick feels confident they can get back on track.

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction. Ex. - doing a sport because its fun and not for an award.

Elaborative Rehearsal

An encoding strategy to form new memory by linking new info to what one already knows. Ex. - meeting someone named "Sandy" and making an association with a sandy beach to remember the name.

Divergent Thinking

Creating multiple, unique ideas or solutions to a problem you're trying to solve.

Proactive Interference

Interference of old info with newly learned info.

Endorphins

Hormones released when the body feels pain or stress.

Introversion

Someone who focuses on their inner thoughts and ideas rather than what's happening externally.

Retroactive Interference

Newly learned info interferes with old info learned in the past.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The physical outcome of a situation being influenced by our thinking. Ex. - a teacher thinks Chinese are good at math and tell the Chinese she expects high marks. Therefore, the Chinese put in more effort, and they score better.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Helps the body activate its "fight-or-flight" response. Its activity increases when a person is stressed.

Authoritarian Parenting

A strict parenting style, focuses more on obedience, discipline, and control rather than nurturing.

Punishment

Makes undesirable behavior less likely to happen again.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Complete acceptance and love, whether for yourself or for someone else.

Gender differences among test takers

Male test-takers are more likely than females to report they're good at Math, Science, and Social Studies.

Cultural Bias

Interpreting and judging the values, beliefs, and characteristics of the community to which one belongs.

Reliability and Validity of Standardized Tests

Validity will tell you how good a test is for a particular situation. Reliability will tell you how trustworthy a score on that test will be.

Achievement vs. Aptitude Test

Aptitude tests focus on the potential someone has to learn new things, while achievement tests focus on what's already been learned.

Howard Gardner

Created a theory that people have many kinds of intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, and spatial-visual.

Big 5 Trait Theory

Breaks personality into 5 components: agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, and stress tolerance.

Secondary Reinforcer

A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer. Ex. - when you give your dog a food treat and say "good boy," he's getting the primary stimulus of the treat and the secondary reinforcer of the verbal praise. The primary stimulus is biological (food in this case).

Mnemonic Device

A memory technique that helps increase the ability to recall and retain information. Ex. - "i before e except after c."

Distributed Practice

A technique where the student distributes his/her studying over many short study sessions.

Extrinsic Motivation

A motivation to participate in an activity based on meeting an external goal.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

This is the adolescent phase and question of "Who am I?"

What is a major source of guilt feelings?

The ego - helps guide us from right and wrong.

TAT test

A test where participants view ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each.

Myers Briggs Test

Designed to help people better understand personality differences in the general population.

LL Thurstone

Proposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities, including reasoning, verbal comprehensions, and memory.

Howard Gardner

Devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

Savant Syndrome

A rare condition in which people with developmental disorders have an amazing ability and talent.

Standardized Tests

Tests designed to assess what a person has learned.

Crystalized intelligence

A person's general knowledge, vocabulary, and reasoning based on acquired information. It's info you've learned in the past and stored. Ex. - taking a test on learned facts. The knowledge is crystalized into your brain.

Fluid Intelligence

Reasoning ability and the ability to generate, transform, and think abstractly.

Free Association

A type of therapy when a person says whatever comes to mind, no matter how bad. It is used in psychoanalytic therapy and was created by Sigmund Freud.

Spotlight Effect

Where people tend to overestimate how much others are thinking about them or watching them.

the g factor

A construct to assess congnitive abilities and human intelligence. Developed by Charles Spearman.

Reciprocal Determinism

A social-cognitive theory purposed by Albert Bandura which argues that behavior, cognition, and environment all interact and influence one another. An example is when a person chooses a T.V. show based on the available program selection (environmental influence).

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Measures extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability.

MMPI

A test that measures adult psychopathology.

Rorschach Test

Subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and analyzed using psychological interpretation - which measures a person's state of mind and personality traits.

Rods vs. Cones

Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels, and cones are responsible for vision at high light levels.

Pinna

The part in the ear that we see, made of cartilage.

Auditory Ossicles

Transmits vibrations of the tympanic membrane through the middle ear to the oval window.

Pupil

Lets light into the eye as the muscles of the iris change its shape

Order of light entering eye

Cornea, pupil (iris is colored part of eye controlling amount of light that goes in), lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve.

Developmental Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Embryo

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month.

Zygote

The fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Stability vs. Change

Stability: which traits persist through life.

Change: how we change as we age.

Continuity vs. Stage

Continuity: Parts of development that are gradual and continuous.

Stage: Parts of development that change abruptly in separate stages (like climbing rungs on a ladder).

Fetus

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experiment.

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Assimilation

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema.

Accommodation

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info.

Sensorimotor Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage from birth to 2 where infants know the world in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Object Permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Infants reach this stage around 8 months.

Theory of Mind

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Scaffold

A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow

Bred monkeys for learning study.

Critical Period

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce normal development.

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

Social Learning Theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Longitudinal Study

Research that follows and retests the same people over time.

Cross-Sectional Study

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

Unit Bias

When the portion size is larger, people will eat more.

James Lange Theory

Physical changes happen in the body first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. Ex. - your heart beating wildly would lead you to realize that you're afraid.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms the body, slows the heart rate, and accelerates digestion.

Self-report inventories

Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior.

Spillover Effect

When attitudes in one roll spill over into another. Ex. - when an individual experiences a need to compromise leisure time due to work overload.

Subjective awareness of emotion is related to the \_________________.

cortex.

A need

Refers to a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal. These are primary reinforcers.

Increases in \__________________ increase hunger, increases in \____________ \____________ decrease hunger.

orexin; blood glucose

Extinction

After removal of the Unconditioned Stimulus, the Conditioned Stimulus will eventually stop eliciting a response.

Spontaneous Recovery

Brief recurrence of the conditioned response after extinction has occurred.

Generalized Stimulus

Elicits some conditioned response.

Ivan Pavlov

Associated with Classical Conditioning and making a dog salivate at the tune of a tuning fork.

John Watson

Associated with the Little Albert experiment, made Albert cry at the sight of a white rat.

Operant Conditioning

Learning that occurs as a result of consequence (reinforcement or punishment). Associated with getting a reward.

Reinforcement

Any reward or incentive that strengthens behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after desired behavior is performed, making behavior more likely to happen in the future (adding something).

Negative Reinforcement

When something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior. Ex. - a kid cleans his or her room to avoid their parents' nagging.

Positive Punishment

Presenting a negative consequence after an undesirable behavior. Ex. - spanking a child when he throws a tantrum. Something is added (spanking) to reduce the undesirable behavior (the tantrum).

Negative Punishment

A desired stimulus is removed after an undesirable behavior. Ex. - a child misbehaves, so his parents take away his favorite toy. A stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior.

Fixed

The desirable behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. Creates rapid association, however, extinction can occur rapidly.

Variable

The response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly, but the response is more resistant to extinction.

Fixed-ratio

A response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses. Ex. - a child receives candy for every 3-10 pages of a book they read.

Fixed-interval

Provides a reward at consistent TIMES. Ex. - a child may be rewarded once a week if their room is cleaned up.

Variable-ratio

A response is reinforced after an UNPREDICTABLE number of responses. Ex. - gambling

Variable-interval

A response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. Ex. - when someone waits for an elevator. Any time they have to wait an unpredictable amount of time, they are on a variable interval schedule.

Counterconditioning

Behavior is modified through a new association with a stimulus that opposes the behavior.

Behavioral Learning

Humans learn through their experiences by associating a stimulus with either a reward or punishment.