AP World Unit Three Notes

Commerce effects

Commerce effects

Forgeus many relationships that inspired major motors of change

Silk roads

Modest trade levels that had important, economic and social consequences; focus on luxury goods; connected the Mediterranean to China

Luxury goods

were the focus of silk roads

Silk

Many Chinese people gave up on growing food for making silk. Lightweight, expensive, and very important on trail; symbol of high status.

Spreading technology

Technology spread all over through S R, such as yolks, saddles and stirrups; there was also new forms of economic/credit exchange

Volume

Was modest in modern terms

Strong states

Silk road prospered fast in these environments, and these environments provided a relative security for those on silk Road. They kept merchants safe, so there is a Silk Road

Buddhism

Because of monks on the trans Eurasian trade routes; took route in a lot of oasis cities of Central Asia; changed as it spread

Monasteries

Politics/wealth: monasteries became very successful and wealthy. buddhists are not supposed to be this similar to European Christians.

Mahayana

Most Popular form, because it was simple; most popular form to express was the pure land school that emphasize salvation by faith, and had lots of deities and prayers.

Syncretism

The amalgamation of many different religions; this new form picked up on elements of other cultures, such Zoroastrianism

Chinese Buddhism

Most popular form was Mahayana; sea pure land school above; had criticisms

Reaction against

Lots of criticism

eventually caused action;

buddhists versus Confucianism

Tang persecutions

(841-845)

State took direct persecution against Buddhist establishment; also foreign religions

Ordered 260,000 monks and nuns to return to normal life and destroyed/turned to public use temples, monasteries shrines

Assimilation

Buddhism became assimilated into Chinese culture

Neo Confucianism

Rejected daoism, and Buddhism beliefs,

But appreciates moral standards of Buddhist

Reaction to the spread of Buddhism

Chinese influence

Korea sent tribute missions to China; capital of Kumsong was based on Chinese capital; Confucian and Buddhist texts; very heavy, borrowing; however, Koreans wanted to preserve their own culture

Japan

Chinese school called Chan turned into Zen

Neo-Confucian ideas arrived in 1240

Writing system was attractive among the elite

Less borrowing

Indian ocean

Worlds largest sea based network

Sea Roads

We’re used to get goods not available at home

Transportation cost less and could carry more heavy cargo

Lots of Chinese products entered the circuits of Indian Ocean

Monsoons

Made Indian ocean trade possible alternating wind currents that blew predictably Northeast during summer and southwest in winter

Technological/cultural exchanges

Astrolabe techniques were used to calculate latitudes improvements in sails new kinds of ships and other countries devices were useD

Trading/ diasporic settlements

Permanent settlement of foreign traders at various points these often fought

Southeast Asia

had a commercial network and three major religious traditions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam) and a series of cities and states or kingdoms

Srivijaya

Provides an early example of the connection between commerce, state building, and religious exchange

Straits of Malacca

The small ports along the Malay peninsula and coast of Sumatra; attracted many, traders

Inician influence

Indians were advisers, clerks or officials; political ideas, and beliefs, and Buddhists, religious concepts

Java

And agriculturally rich region that had a huge building project; most notable was Borobudur an enormous mountain shaped structure

South Vietnam

Was once known as champa kingdom, Hinduism was popular here

Khmer Empire

Constructed many gorgeous buildings, most complex was Angkor Wat for Hinduists, then later was used by Buddhists

Exploited exotic products

Islamic inroads

attracted Muslim traders; blended easily with Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as traditional shamanistic practice is

Malacca

open to all merchants; had tribute missions to China; located in the southern edge of Malay peninsula; represents the growing role of Islam in south east Asia

Turn from small fishing village into port city in later capital of malay Muslim sultanate

Swahili civilization

(8th century)

Commercial city states; extensive commercial life after rise of Islam; flourish by 1200; these people spoke Swahili; Islamic; east African coast

Bantuu Language and Culture

These first ancestors spoke bantuu and traded with other civilizations near them. Language group similar to Slavic groups in customs.

Comercial activity

Traded gold ivory, courts, leopard & occasionally slaves from interior

traded often with Indian Ocean area

Vs interior

The coastal side thrived compared to the interior pastoralists. The coast was urban and had around 15,000 sources

Political life

Class Stratified not imperial; independent city states

Arab traders

Journeys were done on Arabic vessels; language used Arabic script, and lend words

Diasporic communities pt 2

Visitors are welcome, and they settle in diasporic communities; people from everywhere by the Indian Ocean

Spread of Islam

Rapidly became is Islamic ; had lots of mosques, were not colonies of transplanted Arabic people

Great Zimbabwe

• connected to growing trade

• (1250-1350)

• Had lots of labor power

• Known for huge stone structures without mortar

• Very impressive

bananas

• spread of this product started in SE Asia and somehow got to Africa

• Production started inward and then spread

• Caused an economic and population influx

china maritime voyages

• These people had a major presence in the South China Sea.

• Had 300 ships in first voyage had around 27,000 crewmembers

Pre-1400s

Did not have major presence and later gain power

Emperor yongle

Commission the expeditions

after death expedition stopped

Zheng He

• Muslim eunuch who captained the fleets and sought to enroll distant people in the Chinese Tribute System

• Eunuchs at war w Confucians

Tribute System

• Dozens of rulers accompanied the flights back to China

• “Bringing order to the world”

• Did not seek to establish or conquer new territories

• This idea is apparently Chinese communist party propaganda

Voyages end

• End it in 1433 abruptly and deliberately

Reasons for end of voyage

1. High-ranking officials saw expeditions as a waste of resources

2. People believe China was the superior nation

3. People believed the real problem was in the north

4. Voyages were the rule of eunuchs and Confucianism people did not like eunuchs

Sand roads

• linked north Africa and the Mediterranean world with the land and people of west Africa

African geography

Vary greatly

• Deserts

• Coastal region in the north

• Savanna’s and grasslands of sub-Saharan region

Goods

Sahara made salt

oasis made date

and farther south region made yams, and koala nuts

Quantity was very small

Camel

• Intro to north, Africa and Sahara in early centuries

• Made possible the truck across the Sahara

• These were good for the desert, because of wide feet and water in humps

Arab traders/ islam

• Good nice caravans across the desert

• sought, gold, slaves in koala nuts, as well as African ivory

• These traders brought Islam is the south Sahara

West Civilization Africa

• Included large states and empires

• Ghana (700-1200)

• Mali (1230-1500)

• Songhay (1430-1591)

• Kanem (1571-1603)

Also, many towns and cities that were important trading centers

Mali empire

• The rulers monopolize, certain goods importance, and also generated the social complexity and hierarchy

• Royal families, elite classes, gender, hierarchy

• Women were central to agricultural production and weaving

Songhay Empire

Happened in 1430-1591

Hausa Kingdoms

Northern Nigeria

• Independent city states that broadly resembled the Swahili city states

• Monarchies and varying degrees of administrative complexity

• Drew on trans Saharan trade

Slavery/ trans Saharan Slavs trade

Developed in 1100 to 1400;

5500 slaves per year most part to work in Islamic north Africa

Timbuktu

Major trading city developed as a substantial urban and comercial; very wealthy

Islam East Africa

• Spread with trade

• Introduced by Muslim traders

• Conversion was largely peaceful and voluntary

• Offered a source of literacy and religious legitimacy

• Allegedly added more social hierarchy in slavery

Mansa musa

Ruler of Mali

• Took a huge amount of people on a pilgrimage to Mecca, called The Hajj

• 60,000 total persons and 12,000 slaves with 4 pounds of gold

Islam Urban/Rural

Very popular in urban setting

• However, very different from traditional Islam

• Not popular in rule areas until the 19th century

Islam World 1200

• Go to millions of people who shared beliefs and language

• Range from Spain and west africa to Middle East India and Southeast Asia

• Drew heavily on abrahamic religions, including images of hell

• Works from Helenistic translated into Arabic.

Commerce

• valued positively

• Islamic pilgrimages fostered it

• merchants became prominent

“Islamic Green Revolution”

1. ecological change ( agricultural products and practices spread)

2. Water management practices (Persian style reservoirs)

3. Irrigation systems

All caused increase in food production, population growth, urbanization, and industrial development

Preserving commentating earlier traditions

• Drew heavily on Abrahamic religions

• Text from greek and Roman world were Translated into Arabic.

Baghdad house of wisdom

• Established by Abbasid caliph al-Mamun in 830

• As an academic center for research and translation

Mutazilities

• Argued reason was best way to truth

• Philosophers emphasis on logic faced criticism from people who said Quran was the only way to God

Islamic Inventions

• Algebra

• Astronomy

• Optics

• Pharmacology

• Different medical treatments

• Hospitals

All were allegedly developed here

American connections

Less together had minimal connections

Technology vs Afro-Eurasian world

No horses wheeled vehicles or ocean trade vessels

No trade possible

Why

Environmental setbacks seen in different regions, such as rainforest

American web

• Connection for between Cahokia, Chaco, Mesoamerica, and Incan Empires

Cahokia

most well known for its terraced pyramid, had around 10,000 or more people

Chaco Phenomena

• Encompass 25,000 semi and linked some 150 outlying settlements to center

• Largest was Pueblo bonito- 5 stories, 600 rooms

• No idea for roads bc it’s not trade

Mesoamerica/ Aztecs

• Mesoamerica conducted seaborne commerce using large dugout canoes

• Aztec empire had merchants, developed markets and craft goods

Pocheta

Merchants who under took large trading expeditions, sometimes for state, nobility, or private businesses

Inca/ Andes

• Final piece of American web

• Incas economic exchange was state run

• Had roads

• exchange took place at Highland fairs

Trade

• State run – all economic exchange was state run

Roads/quipus

• Roads - traversed coast and mountains in north south direction

• Quipus - took note of all resources and population on knots, which was done by accountants

Contextualism

Important part of understanding why something happened

• Do not look for why event started

• Consider the historical situation surrounding an event or process

Angkor Wat

Makes up ancient city

• People practice Hinduism

• Former capital of Khmer Empire

• Now used by Buddhist monks