Bio 258 Exam 2 help

What is the coelom and why is it so important?

space between the lines tubs that allows organs in he bodt to change in size

What is parietal serosa?

lines the body

What is vinceral serosa?

lines the organs

What does it mean when kidsney are retroperitoneal

they are behind the abdominal cavity

What is ferilization?

union of egg and sperm

Where does fertilization occur?

Apulla

Where in the human body does cleavge occur?

-rapid dicsion of cells

-no cell growth

-enchanches surface area

(fallopian tube)

What is zygote?

cells formed by fertilization(splitting of a cell into 2 cells)

What is morula?

Soild, but not hollow

What is blastocysts

holllow ball

What are the componest of a blastcyte

Blascyte cavity-fluid inside the hollow ball

trophoblast-the outer-layer

What are the roles of a trophoblast?

-binds to the endometrium

-causes inflamation

what are the three germ layers?

1-ectoderm(top)

2-mesoderm(middle)

3-Endoderm(bottom)

What are the three germ layers organs?

Ectoderm(skin, nail)

Mesoderm(kidney and gonads)

Endoderm(epitheal lines and glands of digetsitve)

What is an embryonic disk?

a flat,two layerd disc of cells formed from the inner cell mass and sandwich inbetween the amniotic cavity and yolk sac

What is the relation with an embryonic disk and the germ layer?

embryonic cells undergo gastrulation, in which they differentiate and separate into an embryonic disc and establish three primary germ layers

What is gasturlation?

from two layer disk to three layer disk

What is ingression?

folding of the cell layer that causes cell migration

What is mesenchyme?

loose organized tissu capable of great migration

What is neurlation?

the difference of ectoderm that produce the brain and spinal cords,the first major event for organogenesis

How does the gut tube form?

duriing embryonic development through a process celled organogensis

how does the germ layer form?

1-primitive streak formation

2-cell migration

3-mesoderm formation

4-ectoderm formation

What are the four primary tissues of the human body?

1-epithelial

2-connective

3-muscle

4-nrvous

What is a tissue?

groups of similr cells that have a common function

What is the function of the epitheal tissue?

imporrtant for skin and protection

What is simple tissue?

one layer

What is stratified tissue?

more than one layer

What is simple squamous?

what is simple cuboidal?

-ducts and small gland s

-more protection

What is simple columnar?

-digestive tract

-microvilli

What is Pseudostartified?

-goblet cells

-Trachea,respiratory tract,sperm-carrying ducts

What is straitfied squamous?

What is microvillie?

increase the surface area of the cell membrane, enhancing absorption and secretion functions.

What is Cilla?

 move substances in one direction across the cell surface, such as moving mucus in the respiratory tract.

What is the function of a goblet cells?

 specialized unicellular exocrine glands found in the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts. Their primary function is to secrete mucin, a glycoprotein that dissolves in water to form mucus.

What is an exocrine gland?

generates sweat to help the body cool down

what is an endocrine gland

creates a chemical that makes you smell when you sweat ].

What is a chemical defense of the integument?

Defensin(found in sweat)

what is a Glycolipids?

a type of lipids found in the plasma membrane of the cells.

Function of a glycolipids

1-cell recognition and communication

2-Barrier function

What is the metabolic function of the integument?

One key role is the synthesis of vitamin D. When sunlight hits the skin, it converts modified cholesterol molecules into a vitamin D precursor. 

What are the 3 layers of integument named?

Epidermis-dead skin

dermis-connective tissue

subcutaneous-connective tissue

The 4 layers of the epiderms

1-Stratum corneum

2-stratum granulosum

3-stratum spinosum

4-stratum basal

what role does Melanocytes have?

Protect in the basalt

What is the 5th layer of the epidermis?

Sacrum lucid(clear)

What is eccrine gland?

produces sweat

what is apocrine gland?

produces smell

What is apocrine?

oil gland

What is found in the medullary cavity?

Located in the Diaphysis shaft of a long bone

What is periosteum?

Gives us protection/strength and helpes us with growth.

Whats a osteiorigebnitor cells?

stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum

What are osteoblasts

these are responsable for cell formation, they lay down osteiod behind them when building

What are osteocytes

mature bones that reside inside in lacunae

Whats an osteoclasts?

a large multinucleaste cells reponsable for bone resorption

how do osteoclast form?

trapped osteoblast

what allows osteons to resist twisting?

This resistance is primarily due to the arrangement of collagen fibers within the osteon. In each lamella, or layer, the collagen fibers run in a single direction

How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

The communication between osteocytes is facilitated by gap junctions, which are connections that allow the passage of ions and small molecules. As bone forms, osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) maintain contact with each other through these gap junctions. When osteoblasts become trapped in the bone matrix they secrete, they transform into osteocytes, leaving behind the canaliculi filled with tissue fluid and osteocyte extensions.

Which bones goes undergo endochondral ossification?

cartliage bones

Which bones undergo intramembranous ossification?

The skull and clavicle

Whats the function of the bone collar?

The bone collar plays a crucial role in the process of endochondral ossification, which is the development of bone from a hyaline cartilage model.

What is secondary ossification where does it occur?

Secondary ossification occurs in the epiphyses of long bones, typically shortly before or after birth. This process is similar to primary ossification but occurs at the ends of the bones.