Soc Paper 4 Globalisation

Giddens (1990):

Distanciation - the separation of time and space. Globalisation allows activities occur regardless of physical distance.

Scholte (2000):

Identified the impacts of globalisation, including internationalisation, liberalisation, and the universalisation of culture

Baudrillard (1998)’s Simulacra

“Representations of representations”

McLuhan (1960s):

Coined the term “global village” to explain how electronic media had shrunk the world to a village, with instant communication of ideas.

Castells (1997):

Emphasises the role of networked communication technlogies in the emergence of global social movements.

Hochschild:

Global care chains – wealthy women in developed countries can work professionally because they rely on migrant women for domestic help.

Cohen and Kenedy:

Instead of fading away with globalisation, ethnic identities have intensified as a form of resistance.

Hall:

Globalisation creates cultural anxieties, leading to reassertion of traditional identities. This is driven by fear of losing cultural uniqueness.

Benedict Anderson

“Imagined communities” – nations are socially constructed through shared stories, symbols and histories.

Roberston:

Globalisation does not lead to complete homogenisation, instead, it encourages the creation of hybrid identities.

Chanda:

Argues that globalisation reunites human cultures, leading to greater similarities.

Ritzer:

McDonalisation – the standardisation of cultural products to maximise efficiency, predictability and control.

Roberston’s Glocalisation

The adaptation of global products and ideas to fit local culture.

Martell:

Globalisation is leading to a global monoculture where Western consumerism and media are dominating, and local cultures are being weakened or absorbed.

Martell’s Language

English has become the universal language. This linguistic dominance may result in disappearance of smaller languages.

Habermas (1981):

Points out that NSMs (New Social Movements) focus on ‘life-world’ – cultural and social issues – rather than only economic concerns.

Wallerstein (1974):

Argues that many social movements are resisting inequalities generated by the capitalist world system, which perpetuates exploitation and dependency.

Arab Spring (2001):

A series of pro-democracy protests across North America and the Middle East. Social media was crucial in organising protests and spreading information globally.

Ulrick Beck:

“Risk society” - We live in a world where people face new risks, such as environmental degradation, nuclear proliferation, and global pandemics.

Kenichi Ohmae (1995):

The nation state is becoming increasingly irrelevant due to economic globalisation.

John Gay (2002):

Believes nation states remain crucial for maintaining political stability and creating the conditions for international trade.

Hist and Thompson (1996):

Argue that nation states, when cooperating through intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), can tackle global issues more effectively than individual actions.

Max Weber:

(Modernisation theory) Argued that cultural values like the “protestant work ethic” drives development.

Frank:

Introduced the idea of “development of underdevelopment”, arguing that the global capitalist system keeps poor countries in a state of dependency.

Wallerstein’s World System Theory

Developed World Systems Theory, dividing the world into core (rich), semi-periphery, and periphery (poor) nations, with core countries exploiting the periphery.

Chaliand (1977):

Argued that the economies of underdeveloped countries are distorted by their dependency on richer nations.

Khosla:

Fragmentary urbanisation – urban and industrial development concentrated in a few cities or regions, particularly in developing countries.

Sheller and Urry:

Tourism changes places, sometimes erasing their unique cultural features. Destinations can become ‘paradises’ or ‘urban playgrounds’ and lose authenticity.

Urry (2001):

Looks into the irony of tourism whereby tourists seek ‘authentic experiences’ but that tourism often strips these destinations of their cultural identity, leading tourists to seek new ‘untouched’ places – and so the cycle continues.

Diken and Laustsen (2004):

Places such as Ibiza have been transformed from a paradise island of alternative holidays in the 1960s, first into a place of package tourism, and then into a destination for young people looking for nightlife.

Sylvia Walby:

Highlights how globalisation can worsen the exploitation of women, as patriarchal norms intersect with economic factors.

Kelly (1988):

Argues that trafficking and violence against women stem from global patriarchal control, where women’s agency and rights are diminished.

William Chambliss:

Argues that corporate laws often protect capitalist interests, with lenient punishments for white-collar crimes compared to street-level offenses.

Pearce (1976):

Noted that crimes are ‘crimes of the powerful’ and often overlooked by the legal system.

Potter (2010):

Argues environmental crimes create and reinforce social divisions, with poorer communities suffering more.

White (2008):

Anthropocentric attitudes prioritise human profit over environmental protection, facilitating environmental crimes.

Stuart Hall et al. (1978):

Explored how media representations and law enforcement disproportionately criminalise the working class.

Taylor, Walton and Young:

Neo-marxists who developed critical criminology, arguing that crimes can be a political response to structural inequalities.

Misha Glenny (2009):

Describes “McMafia” – criminal groups, mafias, that behave in similar ways to legal transnational corporations (TNCs) such as McDonalds.

Katja Franco:

Argues that traditional, state-centered policing models are increasingly inadquate for addressing transnational crimes such as human trafficking, cybercrime and terrorism.