Lecture V: Terminology Associated with Carbohydrate Metabolism

Hyperglycemia

Condition of elevated blood glucose levels.

Hypoglycemia

Condition of low blood glucose levels.

Glycogen

Stored form of glucose in liver and muscles.

Metabolic Rate

Rate of energy production in the body.

Creb Cycle

Metabolic pathway requiring oxygen for energy production.

Energy Pathway

Biochemical routes for converting nutrients to energy.

Exercise

Activity that increases metabolic rate and energy use.

Blood Circulation

Movement of blood to supply oxygen and nutrients.

Respiration Rate

Rate of breathing to supply oxygen for metabolism.

Nutrient Conversion

Process of transforming nutrients into usable energy.

Storage Sites

Areas in the body where nutrients are stored.

Adrenaline Effects

Physiological responses triggered by epinephrine release.

Energy Production

Process of generating ATP from nutrients.

Glucose Circulation

Distribution of glucose throughout the body.

Body Energy Acceleration

Increasing energy output through physical activity.

Blood Glucose Regulation

Mechanisms controlling blood sugar levels.

Hormonal Response

Endocrine system's reaction to metabolic changes.

Hyperglycemic State

Condition of low or elevated blood glucose levels.

Blood Sugar Levels

Concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.

Insulin

Hormone regulating blood glucose levels; initiates glycogenesis during hyperglycemia

Pancreas

Organ producing insulin and glucagon.

Dietary Carbohydrates

Nutrients providing energy through glucose.

Good Carbohydrates

Healthy carbs found in fruits and vegetables.

Bad Carbohydrates

Unhealthy carbs found in processed foods.

Diabetes

Chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.

Energy Needs

Body's requirement for fuel based on activity.

Metabolism

Chemical processes converting food into energy.

Fuel Tank Analogy

Comparison of body energy to a gas tank.

Healthy Snack

Nutritious food to maintain blood sugar levels.

Injection

Method of administering insulin for diabetes management.

Diabetic Shock

Severe hypoglycemia requiring immediate glucose intake.

Glucose

Simple sugar used for energy by the body.

Carbohydrate Sources

Foods providing carbohydrates, like fruits and sweets.

Energy Output

Amount of energy expended during activities.

Blood Status

Current state of blood glucose levels.

Diet Control

Managing food intake to regulate blood sugar.

Midnight Spell

Nighttime hypoglycemia requiring urgent intervention.

Snack Timing

Scheduled eating to maintain stable blood sugar.

Glycogenesis

Metabolic process converting glucose to glycogen or breaking down glycogen to glucose.

Hypoglycemic State

Condition of low glucose levels in blood.

Metabolic Process

Biochemical reactions converting substances in the body.

Energy Consuming

Requires energy input, such as ATP, to proceed.

Water Follow

Water accompanies glycogen into muscle cells during storage.

Muscle Tissue

Site where glycogen is stored and utilized.

Liver

Organ that stores glycogen and regulates glucose levels.

Conversion

Process of changing one substance into another.

Glyco-

Prefix indicating relation to glycogen or glucose.

-lysis

Suffix indicating breakdown or decomposition.

Hydrolysis

Chemical breakdown involving water, often in metabolism.

Glycogen Storage Sites

Locations in muscles and liver for glycogen storage.

Energy Requirement

Two ATPs needed for each glucose to glycogen conversion.

Storage Process

Method of retaining excess glucose as glycogen.

Metabolic Interplay

Relationship between insulin and glucagon in glucose regulation.

Glycogenolysis Process

Releases glucose from glycogen stores during low blood sugar.

Epinephrine

Hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis (energy production) and glucose release.

Glucagon

Hormone from pancreas that raises blood glucose; triggers glycogenolysis during hypoglycemia

Glucogenic

Nutrients that can be converted to glucose.

Gluconeogenic

Nutrients capable of undergoing gluconeogenesis.

Non-essential Amino Acids

Amino acids not required in diet, gluconeogenic.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids required in diet; some are gluconeogenic.

Methionine

Essential amino acid, gluconeogenic.

Arginine

Essential amino acid, gluconeogenic.

Threonine

Essential amino acid, gluconeogenic.

Tryptophan

Essential amino acid, gluconeogenic.

Valine

Essential amino acid, gluconeogenic.

Cystine

Essential amino acid, gluconeogenic in some species.

Histidine

Essential amino acid, gluconeogenic.

Triglycerides

Fats that can be converted to glucose.

Muscle Glycogen

Stored glucose in muscles for energy.

Liver Glycogen

Stored glucose in liver for body supply.

Fight or Flight State

Physiological response to stress, increases glucose availability.

Conversion Process

Transformation of nutrients into glucose.

Superhero Effect

Increased energy availability during stress response.

Gluconeogenesis

Process converting non-carbohydrates to glucose.

Propionate

Volatile fatty acid that can become glucose.

Lactate

Formed from lactic acid during anaerobic exercise.

Glycerol

Alcohol component of lipids, gluconeogenic.

Triglyceride

Stored fat formed from excess glucose; Three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Hypoglycemic

State of low blood glucose levels.

Hyperglycemic

State of high blood glucose levels.

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

Pyruvic Acid

Intermediate in glucose metabolism, gluconeogenic.

Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Converted from butyric acid, gluconeogenic.

ATP

Energy currency of the cell, used in metabolism.

Adipose Tissue

Fat storage tissue, source of glucose when needed.

Metabolites

Intermediate products of metabolism, can be gluconeogenic

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Biochemical processes converting carbohydrates to energy.

Energy Equilibrium

Balance of energy intake and expenditure.

Blood Glucose Levels

Concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.

Fatty Acids

Components of lipids, can be converted to glucose.

Volatile Fatty Acids

Short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation.

Muscle Soreness

Result of lactic acid buildup during exercise.