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Anatomy
study of the structural bases of body function
Physiology
study of the functional relevance of a structure
Functional morphology
"Form Follows Function"
Gross Anatomy
the study of internal and external body features through seeing them with a naked eye (dissection)
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
studying the smallest structures of the body such as tissues, cells, and molecules (using microscopes)
Radiologic Anatomy
study of anatomy using x-rays
Systemic Anatomy
based on certain body systems (ex: skeletal system (all the bones in the body))
Regional Anatomy
overall anatomy of a specific region (ex: all the bones, neurons, blood vessels in the arm region)
Situs solitus
normal arrangement
Situs invertus
reversed position of organs
Situs perversus
one organ atypically positioned
Atoms
basic units of matter
Molecules/Macromolecules
combinations of atoms that form the building blocks of cells
Organelles
specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions
Cells
smallest 'living' unit
Tissues
groups of similar cells that perform a specific function
Organs
structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific functions
Organ systems
groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions
Organism
single, complete individual
Integumentary System
Organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands; Functions: protection, water regulation, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, non-verbal communication
Skeletal System
Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments; Functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of the viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance
Muscular System
Organs: skeletal muscles; Functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production
Nervous System
Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia; Functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation
Endocrine System
Organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries; Functions: hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination
Circulatory System
Organs: heart, blood vessels; Functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Lymphatic System
Organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils; Functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
Respiratory System
Organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; Functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
Digestive System
Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas; Functions: nutrient breakdown and absorption; liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma protein; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood
Urinary System
Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; Functions: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification
Male Reproductive System
Organs: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis; Functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
Female Reproductive System
Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands; Functions: production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones
Anatomical Position
Standing erect with feet flat, ankles together, arms at the sides (supinated), palms, face, and eyes facing forward; provides a constant reference of body position
Prone Position
lying down on stomach
Supine Position
lying down on back
Sagittal Plane
divides right/left portions
Median (midsagittal) Plane
divides the body into equal halves
Parasagittal Plane
divides the body into unequal right/left halves
Front (coronal) Plane
divides anterior (toward the front of the body) and posterior (toward the back of the body) portions
Transverse Plane
divides superior (above/up) and inferior (below/down) portions
Medial
inward or towards the midline of the body
Lateral
outward or away from the midline of the body
Proximal
closer to the trunk
Distal
farther away from the trunk
Ventral
toward the anterior part of our body
Dorsal
toward the posterior part of our body
Superficial
closer to the body surface
Deep
farther/deeper into the body surface
Axial Region of the Body
Includes the head, neck (cervical region), trunk, thoracic region, lungs, heart, mediastinum, abdominal region, 4 quadrants, and 9 regions.
Appendicular Region of the Body
Includes the shoulder girdle & upper limbs, pelvic girdle & lower limbs.
Cranial cavity
Enclosed by cranium (braincase) and contains the brain.
Vertebral canal
Enclosed by vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord.
Thoracic cavity
Superior to the diaphragm and includes the mediastinum and pericardium.
Pericardial cavity
Contains pericardial fluid and pleura.
Pleural cavity
Contains pleural fluid.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Includes the abdominal cavity, which contains most of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters, and the pelvic cavity, which contains distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.
Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity
Includes peritoneum, parietal and visceral layers, peritoneal cavity, peritoneal fluid, retroperitoneal position, intraperitoneal, and serosa.
Cytology
The study of cells.
Light microscope (LM)
Uses visible light to produce an image and is most often used but limited in magnification.
Magnification
Increase in viewable size.
Resolution
Ability to reveal detail.
The Cell Theory
States that all organisms are made of cells, all existing cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life.
Plasma membrane
Boundary of the cell composed of lipids.
Phospholipids
Make up 75% of the plasma membrane and are arranged in a lipid bilayer.
Cholesterol
Makes up 20% of the plasma membrane and increases fluidity.
Glycolipids
Make up 5% of the plasma membrane and are involved in cell signaling and recognition.
Membrane Proteins
Include integral (transmembrane) proteins and peripheral proteins.
Glycocalyx
Dense, gel-like meshwork that surrounds the cell, constituting a physical barrier.
Cell surface extensions
Includes villi & microvilli, which increase surface area, and cilia and flagella, which are involved in movement.
Cellular Junctions
Includes apical, lateral, and basal junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
Cell cytoskeleton
Composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, providing support and organization.
Organelles
Include structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, each with specific functions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Includes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) which produces phospholipids and proteins, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) which detoxifies and synthesizes steroids.
Ribosomes
Read messenger RNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
Golgi Complex/Apparatus
Composed of cisterns and involved in transporting vesicles from RER and packaging proteins.
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that break down cell 'garbage' and perform autophagy and apoptosis.
Proteasomes
Cylindrical organelles that break down proteins and degrade 80% of a cell's proteins.
Mitochondria
Specialized for aerobic respiration and make most of the body's ATP.
Centrioles/Centrosomes
Centrioles are made of microtubules and are active during cellular division.
Nucleus
Largest organelle that contains chromosomes and serves as the genetic control center.
The Cell Cycle
Includes interphase for preparation, mitotic phase for dividing, and cytokinesis for division of cytoplasm.
Mitosis
The actual division of nuclear material, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
The four types of primary tissues
Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
Stratified
made up of one or more layers of cells
Epithelial tissue
forms covering all internal and external surfaces of the body. lines body cavities and hollow organs (i.e., squamous, cuboidal, columnar, etc.)
Specialized epithelial cells
Specialized epithelial cells within the epithelial tissue that have adapted unique structures such as cilia, microvilli, or specialized junctions (i.e., goblet, pseudostratified columnar, transitional, etc.)
Connective Tissue (Connects)
Most common / binds organs, movement for our bones, support
Types of fibers of connective tissue
Collagen, reticular, and elastic
Loose Connective Tissue
Loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues, underlying nearly all epithelia
Dense Connective Tissue (Regular)
Highly organized mostly collagen fibers. Many fribromasts These fibers are aligned in parallel, providing great tensile strength in one direction, commonly found in tendons and ligaments.
Cartilage
Cartilage
Blood
Blood
Bone
Bone (osseous tissue)
Nervous Tissue
Neuroglia (glial) cells
Neurons
Neurons: neurosoma (cell body), dendrites, axon
Muscular Tissue
Skeletal (muscle fibers, striations, voluntary)
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac (cardiomyocytes, striations, intercalated discs, involuntary)
Smooth Muscle
Smooth (fusiform myocytes, non-striated, involuntary)
Endocrine Glands
Secretes hormones into blood only
Exocrine Glands
Uses a duct to secrete substances onto body surface or into a body cavity
Serous glands
Secrete thin, watery fluids