Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards

Anatomy

study of the structural bases of body function

Physiology

study of the functional relevance of a structure

Functional morphology

"Form Follows Function"

Gross Anatomy

the study of internal and external body features through seeing them with a naked eye (dissection)

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

studying the smallest structures of the body such as tissues, cells, and molecules (using microscopes)

Radiologic Anatomy

study of anatomy using x-rays

Systemic Anatomy

based on certain body systems (ex: skeletal system (all the bones in the body))

Regional Anatomy

overall anatomy of a specific region (ex: all the bones, neurons, blood vessels in the arm region)

Situs solitus

normal arrangement

Situs invertus

reversed position of organs

Situs perversus

one organ atypically positioned

Atoms

basic units of matter

Molecules/Macromolecules

combinations of atoms that form the building blocks of cells

Organelles

specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions

Cells

smallest 'living' unit

Tissues

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function

Organs

structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific functions

Organ systems

groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions

Organism

single, complete individual

Integumentary System

Organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands; Functions: protection, water regulation, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, non-verbal communication

Skeletal System

Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments; Functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of the viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Muscular System

Organs: skeletal muscles; Functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

Nervous System

Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia; Functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation

Endocrine System

Organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries; Functions: hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination

Circulatory System

Organs: heart, blood vessels; Functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Lymphatic System

Organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils; Functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

Respiratory System

Organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; Functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

Digestive System

Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas; Functions: nutrient breakdown and absorption; liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma protein; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood

Urinary System

Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; Functions: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification

Male Reproductive System

Organs: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis; Functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones

Female Reproductive System

Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands; Functions: production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones

Anatomical Position

Standing erect with feet flat, ankles together, arms at the sides (supinated), palms, face, and eyes facing forward; provides a constant reference of body position

Prone Position

lying down on stomach

Supine Position

lying down on back

Sagittal Plane

divides right/left portions

Median (midsagittal) Plane

divides the body into equal halves

Parasagittal Plane

divides the body into unequal right/left halves

Front (coronal) Plane

divides anterior (toward the front of the body) and posterior (toward the back of the body) portions

Transverse Plane

divides superior (above/up) and inferior (below/down) portions

Medial

inward or towards the midline of the body

Lateral

outward or away from the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to the trunk

Distal

farther away from the trunk

Ventral

toward the anterior part of our body

Dorsal

toward the posterior part of our body

Superficial

closer to the body surface

Deep

farther/deeper into the body surface

Axial Region of the Body

Includes the head, neck (cervical region), trunk, thoracic region, lungs, heart, mediastinum, abdominal region, 4 quadrants, and 9 regions.

Appendicular Region of the Body

Includes the shoulder girdle & upper limbs, pelvic girdle & lower limbs.

Cranial cavity

Enclosed by cranium (braincase) and contains the brain.

Vertebral canal

Enclosed by vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord.

Thoracic cavity

Superior to the diaphragm and includes the mediastinum and pericardium.

Pericardial cavity

Contains pericardial fluid and pleura.

Pleural cavity

Contains pleural fluid.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Includes the abdominal cavity, which contains most of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters, and the pelvic cavity, which contains distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.

Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity

Includes peritoneum, parietal and visceral layers, peritoneal cavity, peritoneal fluid, retroperitoneal position, intraperitoneal, and serosa.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Light microscope (LM)

Uses visible light to produce an image and is most often used but limited in magnification.

Magnification

Increase in viewable size.

Resolution

Ability to reveal detail.

The Cell Theory

States that all organisms are made of cells, all existing cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life.

Plasma membrane

Boundary of the cell composed of lipids.

Phospholipids

Make up 75% of the plasma membrane and are arranged in a lipid bilayer.

Cholesterol

Makes up 20% of the plasma membrane and increases fluidity.

Glycolipids

Make up 5% of the plasma membrane and are involved in cell signaling and recognition.

Membrane Proteins

Include integral (transmembrane) proteins and peripheral proteins.

Glycocalyx

Dense, gel-like meshwork that surrounds the cell, constituting a physical barrier.

Cell surface extensions

Includes villi & microvilli, which increase surface area, and cilia and flagella, which are involved in movement.

Cellular Junctions

Includes apical, lateral, and basal junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

Cell cytoskeleton

Composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, providing support and organization.

Organelles

Include structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, each with specific functions.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Includes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) which produces phospholipids and proteins, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) which detoxifies and synthesizes steroids.

Ribosomes

Read messenger RNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.

Golgi Complex/Apparatus

Composed of cisterns and involved in transporting vesicles from RER and packaging proteins.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes that break down cell 'garbage' and perform autophagy and apoptosis.

Proteasomes

Cylindrical organelles that break down proteins and degrade 80% of a cell's proteins.

Mitochondria

Specialized for aerobic respiration and make most of the body's ATP.

Centrioles/Centrosomes

Centrioles are made of microtubules and are active during cellular division.

Nucleus

Largest organelle that contains chromosomes and serves as the genetic control center.

The Cell Cycle

Includes interphase for preparation, mitotic phase for dividing, and cytokinesis for division of cytoplasm.

Mitosis

The actual division of nuclear material, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The four types of primary tissues

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Stratified

made up of one or more layers of cells

Epithelial tissue

forms covering all internal and external surfaces of the body. lines body cavities and hollow organs (i.e., squamous, cuboidal, columnar, etc.)

Specialized epithelial cells

Specialized epithelial cells within the epithelial tissue that have adapted unique structures such as cilia, microvilli, or specialized junctions (i.e., goblet, pseudostratified columnar, transitional, etc.)

Connective Tissue (Connects)

Most common / binds organs, movement for our bones, support

Types of fibers of connective tissue

Collagen, reticular, and elastic

Loose Connective Tissue

Loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues, underlying nearly all epithelia

Dense Connective Tissue (Regular)

Highly organized mostly collagen fibers. Many fribromasts These fibers are aligned in parallel, providing great tensile strength in one direction, commonly found in tendons and ligaments.

Cartilage

Cartilage

Blood

Blood

Bone

Bone (osseous tissue)

Nervous Tissue

Neuroglia (glial) cells

Neurons

Neurons: neurosoma (cell body), dendrites, axon

Muscular Tissue

Skeletal (muscle fibers, striations, voluntary)

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac (cardiomyocytes, striations, intercalated discs, involuntary)

Smooth Muscle

Smooth (fusiform myocytes, non-striated, involuntary)

Endocrine Glands

Secretes hormones into blood only

Exocrine Glands

Uses a duct to secrete substances onto body surface or into a body cavity

Serous glands

Secrete thin, watery fluids