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US: Failure to join League of Nations
formed at Paris Peace Conf.
no international organization to prevent fighting - league fell apart
spread of totalitarianism
after WW1
Axis Powers:
Hitler, Mussolini, Emperor Hirohito, France (Spain - civil war, less fighting)
Hitler
blames Treaty of Versailles for economic depression
lost territory, military restrictions, had to pay reparations
Start of War
GB and FR declare war on Germany after invasion of Poland (1939)
US debate over war
tension: isolationism vs econ growth (war = increased production) vs democratic values
Phases of US involvement
Neutrality Acts (1935-37), Cash and Carry (1939), Lend Lease Act (1941), Atlantic Charter (1941)
Neutrality Acts
1935-1937
Us isolated, but takes some action
Cash and Carry
1939
EU countries can buy weapons in cash (no loans) and transport on ships; helps US econ. Eu democracies
Lend Lease Act
1941
send weapons to nations “vital to defense of US” (returned after war) if no $ to pay
Atlantic Charter
1941
Churchill and FDR set out common principles and war goals (pre-war)
self-determination, free trade, disarmament of Axis powers
Japan Embargo
US places embargo on JP over aggression to China and islands in 1941
Pearl Harbor
12/7/41: Japan bombs naval bases @ Pearl Harbor (HI)
first attack on US soil
unites US in a way that FDR couldn’t (politically, ideologically, for revenge)
US declares war on JP, Italy and Ge declare war on US (
things you can only do if you’re officially @ war (change for US)
US Econ during WW2
govt spending: 321 billion (x2 spending in last 150 years)
paid for by war bonds (civilians loan $ to government), incr. income tax
Office of Price Administration
control wartime inflation by setting price ceiling (froze rent, rationed meat and gas)
War Production Board
managed war industries, rationed essential materials
Total war
unrestricted in terms of:
weapons
territory
combatants
objectives
laws of war disregarded (civilians attacked)
D-Day
invasion of Occupied France (Allied Naval, Air, and Land assault)
created 2nd front for Germany (fight on both sides)
Pacific key events
island hopping to advance closer to JP (bypass heavy JP positions and capture islands)
Iwo Jima: costliest battle in US history (Marines)
Firebombing killed > 100k civilians in Tokyo (densely populated areas - wood, break morale)
2 atomic boms - Hiroshima, Nagasaki (8/6 and 8/9) → Japan’s surrender