bio final

What are the themes of biology?

evolution, flow of information, structure and function, transformation of energy, interactions between systems

What are the characteristics of living things?

Order, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Response to Environmental stimuli, Energy Processing,

Regulation/Homeostasis, Evolutionary Adaptation

What are the steps to the scientific method?

observation, hypothesis, experiment, data, analysis, conclusion

What is a control group?

The group that does not receive the experimental treatment in an experiment.

What is a theory?

A hypothesis that has repeatedly been tested and supported by the evidence found in the tests, it is typically widely accepted

What is an experimental group?

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope?

Multiply magnification of eyepiece (usually 10) with magnification of lense

organic compound

Contain high amounts of carbon and use carbon as a base, also have chnops

Carbohydrates: composition, monomers, dimers, polymers

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (cho)

Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides - starch, cellulose, glycogen

energy

Lipids: composition, monomers, dimers, polymers

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (cho)

Mono: Fatty Acids, Glycerol

Diglycerides: 2 fatty acid chains, one glycerol

Triglycerides: steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol

long term energy

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

saturated fatty acid

straight, only single hydrogen bonds, can be unhealthy and increase risk of heart disease, solid at room temp

Unsaturated fatty acid

kinky, one or more hydrogen bonds, liquid at room temp

Proteins: composition, monomers, dimers, polymers

CHON

Amino Acids - 20

Dipeptide

Polypeptide - Enzymes and Antibodies

building/work

Nucleic Acids: composition, monomers, dimers, polymers

CHONP

Mono: Nucleotides

Poly: DNA and RNA

genetics

What is the structure and function of ATP?

ATP is adenosine triphosphate, which is an organic molecule called adenosine with three phosphate groups. ATP powers almost all forms of cellular work. ATP is used in photosynthesis and cellular respiration

What is the difference between a condensation reaction and a hydrolysis reaction?

Condensation reaction- how cells link a monomer with a short polymer. It removes a molecule of water as two molecules bond together, one monomer loses a hydroxyl group and the other loses a hydrogen atom to make water.

Hydrolysis - to break with water. To digest molecules, they have to be broken down into monomers. You need it to become a monomer because polymers are too large for cells to use.

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells

Cell are constantly dividing

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function

What did Robert Hooke discover?

He viewed dead plant (cork) cells and named cells after jail cells

What are the three parts that all eukaryotic cells have in common?

1. A membrane bound nucleus

2. Membrane bound organelles (ER, Golgi, Mitochondria, etc)

3. DNA is as rod shaped chromosomes

Why are cell membranes considered to be semi-permeable?

Large, Charged, and Polar molecules cannot go through the membrane. Nonpolar molecules can more easily move through the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer (CO2 and O2). Some can go through the protein channels only if they are small enough, as the protein channels shield ions and polar as they pass through the hydrophobic insides of the phospholipid bilayer. Some proteins pump it in or out of the cell.

What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?

Prokaryotes:

No membranous organelles

Bacterias

Binary fission

Simpler and smaller

Unicellular

Capsule ?

Fimbriae

Eukaryotic cells:

Membranous organelles

Bigger and more complex

Meiosis and mitosis

Uni and multicellular

Evolved from prokaryotes

Ecm

Golgi

Er

Peroxisome

Lysosome

Cell junctions

Cytoskeleton

Flagellum

mitochondria

plant vs animal cells

Plant - Chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole, plasmodesma

Animal - lysosomes, centrioles, and cholesterol

passive transport and examples

doesn't require energy, works with concentration gradient

ex. diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins (large, charged, polar)

active transport

requires energy to move through cell membrane, works against concentration gradient

ex: pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis

pinocytosis

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.

exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

hypertonic solution

Concentration of solute is greater than concentration of cell

animal cells: shrivel

plant cells: plasmolysis/shrink

isotonic solution

concentration of solute equals concentration of cell

animal cells: ideal

plant cells: flacid/not thriving

hypotonic solution

concentration of solute is lower than concentration inside cell

animal cells: swell and burst (cytolysis)

plant cells: central vacuole fills to largest, ideal

turgor pressure

The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.

equation for photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O-\>C6H12O6+6O2

photosynthesis purpose

To make food for plants (glucose)

ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

population vs community

A population is a group of the same species in an area while a community is a group of different species in an area.

ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

habitat

the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

biomass

the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

pioneer species

Usually lichens and mosses, must be strong and small

when does fermentation occur

absence of oxygen