Fungus

monocot

a single cotyledon (embryonic seed leaf), parallel leaf venation, vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, and floral parts in multiples of three

dicot

two seed leaves (cotyledons), net-like or reticulate leaf venation, flower parts in multiples of four or five, vascular bundles arranged in a ring within the stem, and a taproot system

hydrophilic epidermis on roots

hydrophilic (water-attracting) cell surface that colonizes or interacts

endodermis 

the innermost cell layer of the root cortex

casparian strip

a lignin-based ring in the cell walls of plant endodermal cells that functions as a water-impermeable barrier, forcing water and dissolved nutrients to enter the vascular cylinder through the root's plasma membranes instead of moving freely through the cell walls

vascular cylinder

also known as a stele, is the central core of a plant's stem or root that contains the xylem and phloem

Phloem

takes energy, xylem does not

transpiration

loss of water vapor from leaves. Pulls from leaves to roots and sun does the work. Helps get nutrients

stomata 

open more at day

phloem sap 

moves from sugar source to sugar sink

sugar is

actively loaded at the source

kingdom fungi is

sister kingdom to animalia

fungi main characteristics

heterotrophs, multicellular generally, eukaryotes, absorptive nutrition, cell walls have chitin 

fungi forms

multicellular hyphae or unicellular yeasts

secondary unicellular

the ancestor was multicellular

hypha (main form)

the long, thread-like filaments that form the vegetative body of a fungus, collectively known as a mycelium

mycelium

dense, root-like network of fine, white, thread-like structures called hyphae

fungi have

one set of chromosomes, asexual and sexual, spores both ways

1st stage

karyogamy 

2nd stage

heterokaryotic stage

3rd stage

plasmogamy

heterokaryotic 

single cell's cytoplasm contains two or more genetically distinct nuclei that do not fuse immediately

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

plasmogamy 

fusion of cytoplasm 

fungus 2n stage makes (they do have alternation of generations)

spores

mold and yeast

usually asexual 

conidia

asexual, non-motile spores of fungi that are produced on specialized structures called conidiophores, serving as the primary means of reproduction

fungi can break down

lignin

lichen 

symbiote between fungus and algae. Fungus gives structure and minerals 

chytrid fungal infection

disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which infects amphibians, impacting their skin and disrupting its ability to regulate water, electrolytes, and respiration, often leading to death

gametophyte are

haploid

gram stain chemicals

• Crystal violet: The primary stain that binds to the cell walls of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 

• Gram's iodine: A mordant that fixes the crystal violet to the cell walls. 

• Decolorizer (ethanol or acetone): Removes the crystal violet from the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, but not from Gram-positive bacteria. 

• Safranin: The counterstain that stains the decolorized Gram-negative bacteria red. 

where meristems are found

tips of roots and shoots

maple syrup why we cannot always get it

1. 1. Pressure Change:

   When temperatures drop below freezing at night, the tree's sap can freeze and expand, creating a negative pressure that draws liquid from the roots up into the tree. 

2. 2. Sap Flow:

   During the day, when temperatures rise above freezing, the sap becomes liquid again, and the tree's internal pressure increases, pushing the sap out of the tapped holes. 

3. 3. Starch to Sugar:

   The sap contains the tree's stored starch reserves from the previous year, which are converted back to sugar during this period of activity.