Nutrition in the Life Stages

Community Nutrition

A discipline that strives to prevent disease and to improve the health, nutrition, and well-being of individuals and groups within communities

Public Health Nutrition

Art and science of improving the health of the population through improved food and nutrition systems. Focuses on promotion of well-being and primary prevention of diet-related diseases.

Public Health

The practice of protecting and improving the health of people in a community

Social mobilization

A process of motivating communities to organize into a cohesive group for an active participation towards their own problem/needs

San Lazaro Hospital

Hospital for contagious disease built during the Spanish Regime

University of Santo Tomas

First Medical School in the Philippines

Carriedo Waterworks

Constructed piped water in Manila during Spanish regime

Philippine General Hospital

National university hospital of UP established during American Regime

American Regime

Colonial period when the first national nutrition survey was conducted, and many nutrition studies were conducted

Tiqui-tiqui extract

Specific treatment for beri-beri developed by Vedder, Chamberlain, Quintos, and Guerrero

Dr. Jose Fabella

First Department of Health and Welfare Secretary

Commonweatlh period

Period wherein Food and Nutrition was offered at UP

Non-traditional foods

Foods researched during Japanese occupation

Dr. Francisco O. Santos

First president of PAN

PAN

Organization which lobbied the creation for nutrition, one outcome of which is the creation of Institute of Nutrition

Dr. Juan Salcedo, Jr.

First director of PIN and founder of NFP

Bataan Rice Enrichment Project

A series of experiments and activities on rice enrichment which became known nationally and internationally

1971-1974

The Coverage of the First Philippine Food and Nutrition Program formulated

Dr. Florentino Solon

First Executive director of NNC and Founder of NCP

Growth

the process of increasing in physical size.

Nutrition

Important factor in the life cycle. "All persons throughout life need the same nutrients but in varying amounts"

Biologic growth

Growth through cell multiplication

Hyperplasia

increase in cell number

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

2nd stage of cell growth

Development

the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a more complex organism

cephalocaudal principle

the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body

proximodistal principle

the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward

Infancy

the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months - first rapid growth spurt

Childhood

the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence; growth rate slows and becomes erratic

Adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. Second rapig growth spurt accompanied by great hormonal influences

Adulthood

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death. Growth plateaus and gradually declines

Mental growth

An individual's cognitive development

Emotional growth

Refers to development in the range of feelings and the ability to express these feelings

Socio-cultural growth

Development of ability to relate to others and to participate jn group living and culture

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

Maturation

Attainment of adult function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis

Adaptation

The result of the body's accomodation or adjustment to its immediate environment

Aging

Life process characterizes by the decline of function of the cells, organs, and the organism as a whole

Protein

The major building susbtance of the cell

Menstruation

Monthy discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the non-pregnant uterus

28 days

Overall average duration of the menstrual cycle

Luteinizing hormone

A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.

Follicle stimulating hormone

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm.

Estrogen

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.

Amenorrhea

absence of menstruation; a common and distinct sign of malnutrition in women

Menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. Occurs approximately at 50 years

Placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

Decrease

Blood pressure ______________ during pregnancy due to peripheral vasodilation despite CO, BV, HR increase

Calcium, iron

Minerals less absorbed during pregnancy due to low gastric acidity

Gallstones

Possible condition/compkication of pregnancy brought about by decreased emptying time of gallbladder and hypercholesterolemia due to progesterone

Primipara

A woman who has borne one viable child

Multipara

Woman who has delivered more than one viable infant

Dilutional anemia

A pseudoanemia mimic due to a relative ↑ of plasma. DA results in a relative-but not absolute ↓ in Hb concentration, RBC count, or Hct. May occur during pregnancy

Fat

Major maternal fuel during pregnancy

Glucose

Major fetal fuel during conception

Plasma volume

Blood component correlated with obstetric performance

Chorion

Fetal portion of the placenta

Lacunae

Hollow spaces in the placenta filled with blood from endometrial arteries and veins

Chorionic villi

Projections of the chorion

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Hormone seceered by the chorionic villi that stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion

Placental lactogen

Hormone produced by placenta during second half of pregnancy that stimulates glucose metabolism

Fertilization

Combination of sperm and ovum to make a zygote

Zygote

Fertilized egg cell

Implantation

Period of gestation wherein the fertilized ovum becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus

Uterine milk

Secretions of the uterine gland which nourishes the embryo during the implantation period

Organogenesis

Differentiation of major organs and tissues

Ectoderm

Layer of the blastoderm which gives rise to the nervous system, eyes, epidermis

Endoderm

Layer of the blastoderm which gives rise to the GIT, accessory organs

Mesoderm

Layer of the blastoderm which gives rise to the connective tissues, urogenital system, dermis, vascular system, skeleton and muscles

9 months

Average length of gestation in humans

7 months

Growth period covers how many months of pregnancy

Smaller infant or prematurity

Complication of nutritional deficiency during the growth period

Congenital abnormality

Complication of nutritional deficiency during the critical periods of organogenesis

Critical period

Finite period during development in which certain events may occur that will have irreversible effect on later developmental stages

Weight loss dieting

Dietary management not advisable during pregnancy

Low birth weight infant

Complication/risk associated with underweight mothers

Medical complications

Complication/risk associated with overweight mothers

+300 kcal

Additional calories provided during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy only

25 g

Additional protein recommended to pregnant women

Folate

The only nutrient for which RNI during pregnancy is more than twice the non-pregnancy levels

200 micrograms

Additional folate supplemented to pregnant women

After first trimester

Period of pregnancy in which deworming is done in pregnant women

300 micrograms

Additional Vitamin A given to pregnant women

100 micrograms

Additional iodine given to pregnant women

50 mg

Additional Calcium given to pregnant women

10 mg

Additional iron given to pregnant women

Iron

Mineral poorly found in breastmilk

4 months

Period of coverage (after birth) of iron stores of babies after birth

Neural tube defects

Group of fetal abnormalities associated with folate deficiencies in the early pregnancy

Cretinism

Extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation of the infant caused by maternal iodine deficiency

Low blood zinc

A blood parameter reflecting a specific nutrient which is a significant predictor of LBW

Maternal weight gain

Anthropometric changes during pregnancy which correlates closely with infant birth weight

Infant birth weight

Strong predictor of the health and subsequent development of the infant

Weight gain (lb/week) for underweight and normal weight woman during the second half of pregnancy which doubles risk of preterm delivery and SGA newborns

Weight gain (lb/week) for underweight and normal weight woman during the third trimester of pregnancy which doubles risk of preterm delivery and SGA newborns

Weight gain (lb/week) for overweight and obese women during the third trimester of pregnancy which doubles risk of preterm delivery

Macrosomia

Large-bodied baby commonly seen in diabetic pregnancies

Mid-pregnancy

Period in pregnancy in which weight gain is highest. It occurs before most weight gain of fetus