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Cross-Race Effect
memory error in which outgroup members are mistaken for one another due to an underdeveloped ability to differentiate outgroup characteristics
Elizabeth Loftus
professor at UCI, published widely in the area of human memory, and has been honored for her research with six honorary doctorates and election to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
Eyewitness Testimony
when person witnesses a crime and later gets up on stand and recalls for the court all the details of the witnessed event
False Memories
memory for an event that never actually occurred; implanted by experimental manipulation or other means
identify perpetrators = Foils / Fillers
any member of a lineup (live or photograph) other than the suspect
Photo Spreads
a selection of monrally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator
Memory Biases
cognitive distortions that alter the content or recall of memories based on emotions, current beliefs, and social pressure
Misinformation Effect
a memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the original event and later memory test
What are some mistakes that eyewitnesses commonly make?
Misinformation in the leading question led to inaccurate memory - misinformation effect
Memory can be contaminated by wrong information people are exposed to after they witness an event
Misinformation can corrupt memory more easily when encountered in social situations - happens mainly when there’s multiple witnesses who share their perspectives with one another
How does eyewitness testimony impact the criminal justice system?Often asked to identify perpetrators
Often asked to identify perpetrators
If the eyewitness identifies the suspect, then the investigation of that suspect is likely to progress. If a witness identifies a foil or no one, then the police may choose to move their investigation in another direction
What are some common errors in human memory?
Small memory errors such as forgetting where you set the keys
Memory biases such as how our expectations and beliefs shape our memories
False memories
How have psychologists studied human memory errors?
Studying false memories by manipulating pictures through photoshop to get people to think they experienced it
False feedback manipulation: used a technique of Reporting that a computer had analyzed their responses to questionnaires and had concluded that these experiences had occurred to make people think that the false event occurred
How does racial exposure lead to memory errors in distinguishing between members of a racial outgroup?
Cross-race effect: memory error which outgroup members are mistaken for one another due to underdeveloped ability to differentiate between outgroups
Infants with early exposure to diverse faces show reduced or no difficulty differentiating outgroup members later in life