comp sci vocab units 1 and 2

Binary

Binary

A way of representing information using only two options

Bit

A contraction of Binary Digit; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1

Byte

8 bits

Overflow Error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large

Round-off Error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.

Analog Data

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of this type of data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race

Digital Data

Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values

Sampling

a process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples

Lossless compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversable.

Lossy compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

Intellectual property

A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc

Creative commons

a collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created

Computing device

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Computing system

a group of mputing devices and programs working together for a
common purpose

Computing Network

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data

Path

the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

Bandwidth

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second

Protocol

an agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

IP address

The unique number assigned to each device on the internet

Internet Protocol (IP)

a protocol for sending data across the internet that assigns unique numbers to each connected device

Router

a type of computer that forwards data across a network

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if
individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two
connected devices in a networkwork.

Fault Tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. this is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

HTTP

the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet

SSH

A cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecure network. Typical applications include remote command-line, login, and remote command execution, but any network service can be secured with this network.

TLS

The successor of the now-deprecated Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), is a cryptographic
protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network. The
protocol is widely used in applications such as email, instant messaging, and voice over IP,
but its use as the Security layer in HTTPS remains the most publicly visible.

Internet

A computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonpropriety) communication protocols.

World Wide Web

a system of linked pages, programs, and files

Digital Divide

differing access to computing devices and the internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.