ch 23 & 24 (use this one)

Where does most absorption occur in the digestive tract?

In the small intestine.

How does Streptococcus mutans cause dental plaque?

It produces dextran from sugar, allowing bacteria to stick to teeth.

What causes periodontal disease?

Anaerobic bacteria in dental plaque cause inflammation and damage to gums.

How does H. pylori cause peptic ulcers?

It produces urease, neutralizing stomach acid and damaging mucosa.

What is the virulence factor of cholera toxin?

It activates adenylate cyclase in intestinal cells, causing massive water loss.

How does Salmonella enterica cause typhoid fever?

It invades intestinal epithelial cells and survives in macrophages, spreading systemically.

What is a common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the U.S.?

Campylobacter jejuni.

What is a key sign or symptom of mumps?

Swollen salivary glands (especially parotid glands).

How is viral gastroenteritis treated?

Supportive care: fluids and electrolytes.

How is Hepatitis B diagnosed?

By detecting HBV antigens and antibodies in blood.

What connects the kidneys to the bladder?

The ureters.

What does the prostate gland produce?

Alkaline fluid that nourishes sperm and enhances motility.

Who is most affected by Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome?

Menstruating women, especially using super-absorbent tampons.

What are signs of bacterial vaginosis and how is it diagnosed?

Thin gray discharge with a fishy odor; diagnosed by clue cells on microscopy.

What happens if male gonorrhea is left untreated?

Can cause epididymitis and infertility.

What are signs of primary syphilis?

Painless chancre at infection site.

What is a distinctive feature of secondary syphilis?

Widespread skin rash including palms and soles.

How is genital herpes diagnosed?

By PCR or identifying lesions + HSV antibodies.

What virus causes genital warts and cervical cancer?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV), especially types 16 & 18.

What are Condylomata Acuminata?

Genital warts caused by papillomavirus.

What risk is associated with tampon use and TSS?

Traps blood and oxygen, creating an environment for S. aureus toxin production.

How does gonorrhea lead to infertility in women?

It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, scarring fallopian tubes.