anthro test pt 2

What are advantages of sociality in primates?

Defense against predators, resource protection, reduced predation risk, increased mating opportunities

What is prosocial behavior?

Voluntary actions intended to help others, such as cooperation

Why is sociality important in human and NHP evolution?

It increases survival and reproductive success and is a shared evolutionary traits

What is kinship?

Close social relationships with expectations and obligations (e.g., childcare, food sharing, defense)

Why is kinship important?

It organizes social life, cooperation, and resource sharing

Why is cooperation advantageous for humans?

It improves survival, efficiency, and group stability

What does egalitarian mean?

A society where members have roughly equal power and access to resources

What is sedentism?

Living permanently in one place

What is agriculture?

The cultivation of plants and animals for food

What is domestication?

The process where plants and animals become dependent on humans

Why did humans transition to agriculture?

Climate change, environmental shifts, increased plant/animal availability, and population pressures

When did the Neolithic transition occur?

Approximately 12,000–5,000 years ago

What were effects of agriculture on social organization?

Larger populations, permanent settlements, increased inequality

What were effects of agriculture on food systems?

More food production but higher risk of famine and less dietary diversity

What were health effects of agriculture

More disease, higher child mortality, poorer nutrition, dental issues

What is protolanguage?

A hypothetical reconstructed ancestral language

How is language used to trace human migration?

By comparing language families and shared origins

What are bands?

Small, egalitarian hunter-gatherer groups

What are tribes?

Larger, mostly non-hierarchical agricultural groups

What are chiefdoms?

Hierarchical societies with inherited status

What is a state?]

A large, hierarchical political unit with centralized government and law

What is social stratification?

The ranking of people into different social levels

What is social complexity

]Large populations with permanent settlements and specialized roles

What is ascribed status?

Status assigned at birth

What is urbanization?

]The shift of populations into cities

What are key features of cities?

Dense populations, specialization, social stratification, record keeping

What is irrigation theory?

States formed to manage irrigation systems

What is circumscription theory?

States formed due to resource concentration, population growth, and conflict

Why is there no single cause of state formation?

Different regions had different environmental and social conditions

What is governance?

Rules and norms that regulate behavior in societies

What is hegemony?

Power maintained through shared beliefs and norms

What are formal justice systems?

Law-based systems enforced by institutions

What are informal justice systems?

Social enforcement like shaming or exclusion

What is economic behavior?

Production, distribution, and consumption of resources

What is a household?

A group that shares resources to meet daily needs

What is reciprocity?

Exchange with expectations of give-and-take

What is generalized reciprocity?

Exchange with no expectation of return

What is balanced reciprocity?

Exchange with expectation of equal return

What is negative reciprocity?

Exchange where one party benefits more

Why is food sharing important?

It supports survival and strengthens social bonds

What is a market

]A place where goods and services are exchanged

What is capitalism?

]An economic system based on private ownership and profit

What is commodification?

Turning something into something that can be sold

What are means of production?

]Resources used to produce goods and services

What is industrialization?

]Shift to machine-based production

What is deindustrialization?

]Decline of manufacturing industries

What is postindustrial capitalism?

]Economy based on services, knowledge, and communication

What is cultural capital?

Beliefs and behaviors that increase social status

What are body projects?

Modifying the body to reflect identity or status

What is redistribution?

]Central collection and redistribution of goods

What is socialism?

]System with communal ownership of resources

What is a mixed economy?

]Combination of market, reciprocity, and redistribution systems

What is food sovereignty?

]Right to control how food is produced and consumed

How do humans adapt to modern economies?

Through community networks, barter, mutual aid, and alternative systems

What is aggression?

Behavior intended to harm another

What is violence?

]Extreme aggression causing harm

What is warfare?

]Organized violence between groups

What is coalitionary aggression?

Group-based aggression seen in primates

How long has human violence existed?

]Deep evolutionary history, seen in fossil and archaeological evidence

When is earliest evidence of warfare?

Around 13,000 years ago

What caused early warfare?

Resource scarcity and environmental pressures

Is violence natural for humans?

Not entirely; influenced by culture and context

What is endemic warfare?

Ongoing, low-level conflict between groups

What is dehumanization?

]Removing human qualities from others

What is genocide?

Intentional destruction of a group

What is structural violence?

]Harm caused by unequal social systems

How does social identity influence violence?

Creates “us vs them” divisions and conflict

Why do humans engage in warfare

]Group identity, resource competition, and social pressures

Why are men more involved in warfare?]

Linked to social status, masculinity, and evolutionary factors, but not universal

What is resistance?

]Actions opposing oppression

What is revolution?]

Overthrow of a government

What is reconciliation

]Process of addressing past violence and restoring peace