Economic & Financial Glossary

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56 Terms

1

Inflation

The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding purchasing power

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2

Interest Rate

The percentage charged on a loan or paid in savings, usually expressed annually

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3

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific period

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4

Liquidity

It is the ability of an entity to meet its short-term obligations, referring to how easily assets can be converted into cash

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5

Solvency

It is the long-term ability of an entity to meet its financial obligations, meaning it has more assets than liabilities

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6

Budget

A financial plan that estimates income and expenses over a specific period

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7

Credit

The ability to borrow money or access goods and services with the understanding that payment will be made in the future

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8

Asset

Any good owned by an individual or corporation that is expected to provide future economic benefits

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9

Liability

A financial obligation or debt that an individual or company owes to another entity

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10

Equity

The value of an ownership in a company, calculated as assets minus liabilities

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11

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization, available for investment or production

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12

Stock

A type of security that signifies ownership in a corporation and represents a claim on part of the corporation’s assets and earnings

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13

Bond

Debt securities issued by entities such as governments or corporations to raise capital, with a promise to repay the principal along with interest

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14

Dividends

A portion of a company’s earnings distributed to shareholders, typically in cash or additional shares

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15

Risk

The potential for loss or the variability of returns associated with an investment

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16

Cash Flow

The net amount of cash being transferred into and out of a business

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17

Portfolio

A collection of investments owned by an individual or organization

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18

Profitability

Is the ability of a company to generate profit relative to its revenue, assets, or equity

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19

Leverage

The use of borrowed money to increase the potential return of an investment

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20

Debt

Money borrowed by one party from another, typically under the condition that it will be paid back with interest

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21

Exchange Rate

The value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another

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22

Monetary Policy

The process by which a central bank manages a country’s money supply and interest rates

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23

Fiscal Policy

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy

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24

Financial Ratio

Are quantitive measures used to evaluate and compare the financial performance of a company

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25

Financial Statement

A formal record of the financial activities and position of a company, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement

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26

Depreciation

Is the gradual reduction in the value of an asset over time, often due to wear and tear or obsolesce

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27

Amortization

Is the process of gradually paying off a debt over time through regular payments, which cover both interest and principal

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28

EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization)

Is a financial metric that measures a company’s operating performance by excluding interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization expenses

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29

Inflación

La tasa a la que aumenta el nivel general de precios de bienes y servicios, lo que reduce el poder adquisitivo

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30

Tasa de interés

El porcentaje cobrado en un préstamo o pagado en ahorros, generalmente expresado anualmente

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31

Producto Interno Bruto (PIB)

El valor total de todos los bienes y servicios producidos dentro de las fronteras de un país en un período de tiempo específico

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32

Liquidez

Es la capacidad de una entidad para cumplir con sus obligaciones a corto plazo. Se refiere a la facilidad con la que los activos se pueden convertir en efectivo

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33

Solvencia

Es la capacidad a largo plazo de una entidad para cumplir con sus obligaciones financieras. Implica tener más activos que pasivos

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34

Presupuesto

Un plan financiero que estima ingresos y gastos durante un período específico

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35

Crédito

La capacidad de pedir dinero prestado o acceder a bienes y servicios con el entendimiento de que el pago se realizará en el futuro

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36

Activo

Cualquier bien poseído por un individuo o corporación que se espera que proporcione beneficios económicos futuros

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37

Pasivo

Una obligación financiera o deuda que un individuo o empresa debe a otra entidad

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38

Patrimonio o Capital Confiable

El valor de una participación accionaria en una empresa, calculado como activos menos pasivos

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39

Capital Social

Riqueza en forma de dinero u otros activos poseídos por una persona u organización, disponibles para inversión o producción

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40

Acción

Un tipo de valor que indica propiedad en una cooperación y representa un reclamo sobre parte de los activos y ganancias de la corporación

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41

Bono

Título de deuda emitidos por entidades como gobiernos o corporaciones para recaudar capital, con la promesa de reembolsar el principal junto con intereses

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42

Dividendos

Una parte de las ganancias de una empresa distribuida a los accionistas, generalmente en efectivo o acciones adicionales

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43

Riesgo

La posibilidad de pérdida o la variabilidad de los rendimientos asociados con una inversión

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44

Flujo de caja

La cantidad neta de efectivo que entra y sale de un negocio

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45

Portafolio o Cartera de inversión

Una colección de inversiones poseídas por un individuo u organización

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46

Rentabilidad

Es la capacidad de una empresa para generar ganancias en relación con sus ingresos, activos o capital contable

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47

Apalancamiento

El uso de dinero prestado para aumentar el rendimiento potencial de una inversión

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48

Deuda

Dinero prestado por una parte a otra, generalmente bajo la condición de que se devolverá con intereses

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49

Tipo de Cambio

El valor de una moneda con el propósito de convertirla a otra

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50

Política Monetaria

El proceso mediante el cual un banco central gestiona la oferta monetaria y las tasas de interés de un país

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51

Política fiscal

El uso del gasto público y la tributación para influir en la economía

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52

Razón financiera

Son medias cuantitativas utilizadas para evaluar y comparar el desempeño financiero de una empresa

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53

Estado Financiero

Es un registro formal de las actividades y la posición financiera de una empresa, que incluye el balance general, el estado de resultados y el estado de flujo de efectivo

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54

Depreciación

La reducción gradual del valor de un activo con el tiempo, a menudo debido al desgaste o la obsolescencia

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55

Amortización

Es el proceso de pagar gradualmente una deuda a lo largo del tiempo mediante pagos regulares que cubren tanto el interés como el principal

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56

EBITDA (Beneficio Antes de Intereses, Impuestos, Depreciación y Amortización)

Es una métrica financiera que mide el rendimiento operativo de una empresa al excluir los gastos por intereses, impuestos, depreciación y amortización

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