Chronic Metabolic Disease and Macronutrients

These flashcards cover critical concepts related to chronic metabolic diseases and macronutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as discussed in the lecture.

Input-Centered Framework

Focuses on how diet quality, physical activity, and harmful inputs contribute to chronic metabolic diseases.

Demand-Centered Framework

Highlights the role of physical activity in setting metabolic capacity and how diet modifies outcomes within that capacity.

Glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose to glycogen for storage.

Glycogenolysis

The process of breaking down glycogen back into glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as lactate.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds that serve as a primary fuel source, especially during exercise.

Fatty Acids

Carboxylic acids that are key components of lipids, categorized by the number of double bonds.

Triacylglycerols (TAGs)

Molecules made of one glycerol and three fatty acids that serve as a major energy reserve.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that must be obtained through diet as the body cannot synthesize them.

Complete Proteins

Proteins that contain all essential amino acids, typically found in animal sources.

Protein Metabolism

The process of breaking down proteins and utilizing amino acids for energy and bodily functions.

Nitrogen Balance

The difference between nitrogen intake and excretion, indicating an individual's protein utilization.

Alanine-Glucose Cycle

A metabolic pathway where alanine is formed in muscles, transported to the liver, and converted to glucose.

Recommended Carbohydrate Intake for Sedentary Individuals

Approximately 300 grams per day, making up 40–50% of total caloric intake.

Lipolysis

The breakdown of fats and lipids, regulated by hormones like hormone-sensitive lipase.

Protein-Sparing Effect

The phenomenon where carbohydrates reduce the need for protein as an energy source, preserving muscle.