Sociocultural approach

Social identity theory

1. social categorisation

2. social identification

3. social comparison

   • Positive distinctivness

Social identity theory - study

Bagdy and Rector

Social Cognitive theory

learn through observation learning

1. attention

2. retention

3. motivation

4. potential

factors that decide if learner will imitate

1. consistency

2. identification

3. likability

Social Cognitive theory - study

Bandura

Dual process model

system 1

• automatic + intuitive

• heuristic - mental shortcuts

• fast but errors

• used when cognitive load is high

system 2

• slow + conscious

• requires more effort

• transfer info from one situation to other

not clear difference between the 2

Dual process model - study

Hamilton and Gifford

Stereotypes

social perception of an individual based on group membership + physical attributes

• a schema

• Oversimplified idea

• widely help

Stereotypes (formation) 2

illusory correlation

• seeing relationship between 2 variables even though there is none

• form of cognitive bias

Confirmation bias

• seek out / remember info that proves the relationship

• overlook the contradictions

• make them resistant to change

Stereotypes (formation) - study

Hamilton and Gifford

Stereotypes (effect) 2

Stereotype threat

• one can be judged or threatened stereotypically

• fear doing smth that proves a stereotype

turns on spotlight anxiety

• emotional distress

• pressure that lowers performance

Stereotype (effect) - study

Steele and Aronson

Enculturation

learning and maintaining behaviours of own culture

value enculturation

• effect on cognition

• Attitudes about social relationships, gender roles…

can occur through

• direct tuition

• social cognitive theory

• participatory learning

Enculturation - study

Berry

Cultural dimension

values of society influence behaviour

• power distance index

• individualism vs collectivism

• masculinity vs femininity

• long term vs short term lasting

• indulgence vs resistance

Individualism vs collectivism

• uniqness

• speaking one’s mind

• individual achievement

• freedom

• self actualisation

• privacy

• rule breaking = lose of self respect

• self resilience

cultural dimensions - study

Berry

Acculturation

adapting the norms + behaviours of the majority culture

cultural + psychological change

4 acculturation strategies

• assimilation = abandons original + adapts new

• Integration = maintains original + adapts new

• Seperation = maintains original + abandons new

• Marginalisation = abandons original + abandons new

Acculturation - study

Miranda and Matheny