AP Bio Unit 1

how do the molecules in ice compare to liquid water?

ice has more space between molecules and forms a lattice shape

what determines function?

shape and structure

what makes carbon unique/special?

it can form four bonds (one on each side) and it stable when these bonds are formed (octet rule)

what allows transpiration to occur?

cohesion and adhesion

what is high specific heat?

how much heat is absorbed or released before an increase or decrease in temperature

what causes evaporative cooling?

high specific heat

what causes surface tension?

water’s cohesion

why is nitrogen important?

it is a building block for macromolecules which are crucial for biological processes

properties of the hydroxyl group

polar, hydrophilic, can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

which functional group is nitrogen essential to?

amino group

dehydration synthesis

process of combining monomers to form a polymer (H2O by-product)

hydrolysis

the breaking of polymers into monomers

what are carbohydrates?

sugars (remember -ose)

what is the monomer for carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

what are the most common monosaccharides?

glucose and fructose

lipids are _________ (polar/nonpolar)

nonpolar

what are the three types of lipids?

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

how are triglycerides categorized?

unsaturated or saturated

characteristics of saturated triglycerides (lipids)

no double bonds between carbons, solid at room temp (butter)

characteristics of unsaturated triglycerides (lipids)

double bonds between carbons (looks like kinks), liquid at room temp (oil)

characteristics of phopholipids

bilayer is part of the cell membrane, hydrophilic heads face outward (towards blood), hydrophobic tails stay with each other

monomer for proteins

amino acids

what are proteins made of?

20 different amino acids joined together

what joins amino acids in a sequence?

peptide bonds (covalent)

what is the name of the amino acid (protein) polymer?

polypeptides

what functional groups make up every amino acid?

amino group (nitrogen) and carboxyl group (and R group)

what is the monomer for nucleic acids?

nucleotides

what are the parts of a nucleotide?

5-carbon (pentose) sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

what does RNA do?

carries out instructions of DNA and helps to synthesize proteins

what is the purpose of carbohydrates?

to serve as a source of energy and structural support

what are the types of carbohydrates?

starch and cellulose

cellulose

used for structural support in plants

glycogen

carbohydrate used for energy storage in animals

chitin

modified polysaccharide in fungi cell walls and exoskeletons

what is the purpose of proteins?

transporting molecules, structural support, aiding biological processes

what is primary structure in a protien?

the specific sequence of amino acids

what is the secondary structure of proteins?

the formation of an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet because of hydrogen bonds (1st fold)

what is the tertiary structure of a protien?

the interactions between R groups (2nd fold), bonds cause it to fold

what is the quartenary structure of a protein?

4 subunits interacting

why is the primary structure of a protein important?

it determines the 3D structure of the protein which determines its function

denaturation

when a protein unfolds from its 3D structure

starch

stores energy in plants (carbohydrate)

describe why hydrogen bonds form between water molecules

hydrogen bonds form between water molecules because of water’s polarity. The partial positive charges of the hydrogen are caused by the strong electronegativity of the oxygen it is covalently bonded to. These partial charges give water its polarity and allow the hydrogen to form hydrogen bonds with a partially negative oxygen on another water molecule.

explain why the arrangement of water molecules is different in ice and water

the arrangement of water molecules is different in ice and water because of the structure. In ice, the molecules have a stable hexagonal lattice shape since it is a solid, keeping the molecules farther apart than in liquid water. Liquid water has a weaker structure because of the constant breaking and re-forming of bonds.

explain how ice floating on the surface of a body of water affects the water in a way that is beneficial to the organisms in it

ice floating on the surface of a body of water affects the water below it by insulating it. It keeps the heat trapped inside below the surface which helps underwater ecosystems thrive despite the cold