Perspectives on aging exam 2

How can you define the self?

About 1 to 1 1/2 years old to identify yourself in a mirrior.

Self-recognition allows us to feel?

Empathy with others

William James came up with what two concepts?

The I-self and Me- Self.

The I'self is the?

Knower or active observer, deals with one's experiences.

The me-self is?

The known, the observed product produced by the work of the I self.

How does the I-self make the me-self?

Through the process of percieiving, interpreting, and evaluating info.

Individuals percpetion of the self or me-self.

Self-concept

Individuals evaluation of self worth.

Self-esteem

People's beliefs of their capability to produce effects.

Self-efficacy

A sense of what we believe in and where we are heading to in life.

Identity

Traits and characteristics of an individual.

Personality

The self can be divided into how many different parts?

The bodily self, perspective, volitional, narrative, and social self.

The experience of having a particular body.

Bodily Self

The experience of perceiving the world from a first person pov.

Perspectival self

The experiences of inention/agency

Volational self

The experince of being a conitous and distinctive person overtime.

The narrative self

Social deals with?

Demands which can lead to crises or conflicts

The aspects of self experience that is refracted through the percieved minds of others.

The social self

What was Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Our physical body is changing: two types personal and social.

Personal deals with?

Skills and capacities

What is the seventh stage of personality development?

Generativity versus stagnation (middle adulthood)

Having an interest in establishing and guiding the next generation.

Generativity

What is stage 8?

Integrity versus despair (old age)

Devleop a sense of coherence and wholeness.

Integrity

A period of purposeful rembrience that involes a return to consciousness of past experiences and conflicts.

Life review

According to McCrae and Costa these two personality aspects decrease with age.

Neuroticism, oppenness to experience, and extraversion

What two things increase with age?

Agreeablenesss and concientiousness

Personality and health have been shown to?

Things like extraversion and consciousness can decrease disability or chance of disabiliy, it they scored high.

High levels of neuroticism and lows levels of social engagement were linked to?

cognitive decline, disabilities, and increased chance of death.

What personality disorders were in each cluster? A,B,C

A= Odd or ecentric disorder like paranoid or schizoid. B = Dramatic, emotional, or errotic behavior like antisocial narcistic. C= Anxious, fearful behaviors like OCD.

What clusters change and what don't?

A and C don't, B less common as we age.

Stories that we collect or memories of our past.

Autobiographical memories

How do you collect info on an individuals autobiographical memories?

Report or self-report

What was Rubins basic-systems approach to autobiographical memories?

Individual senses, (vision, hearing, smelling), multiomodal spatial systems whcih locates objects and people, emotion, language, a narrative system.

How do parts of the brain react when trying to recolect autobiographical memories?

They respond differently.

These types of words bring up memories with accompaning?

Cued words, emotions

Increase in memory from early teens to early adulthood.

Reminiscence bump

Things that have happened recently are most likely to be remembered.

Recency effect

What are the gender differences?

Novel, low frequency, and they have emotions attached that makes us have a deeper

Memories are built into our identity via?

Narratives

Late adolescence and early-young adulthood is a critical period for?

Identity formation

More events from this period contribute to the pool of?

Self-narrative memories and more are available for recall due to this.

While explaning the reminiscence bump, a cognitive account would say?

Novelty leads to better cognitive processing. 2. Its a translational period between 15-25 years of age. 3. The memories may be robust.

A largely introspective and personal process.

Reminiscence

What are the five dimensions of reminiscence?

Temporal, spatial, public, active, and affective .

What are each about>

Temporal is it happened in the past, spatial is unfolded memories are not close to each other, public is private, active is passive, and affective is emotions.

What are four functions of reminiscence?

1. Boredom reduction, 2. identity, 3. Problem solving, 4. conversation.

What did socrates say?

Know thy self

What about William James? What did he do?

Created the me and I self

These throughout life can triger greater amounts of reminiscences.

Transactions

This has been used to explain the reminiscence bump found in the autobiographical memory research.

Narrative identity

Age stereotypes are?

Experienced by everyone and are often negative.

What were the overall findings of the facebook study?

98.8% of facebook profiles had negative age stereotypes.

What does stereotype embodiment theory state about age stereotypes?

Age stereotypes are embodied, its assimliated from the culture and influences cognition and physical functioning.

What are the four elements of Levy's theory?

1. Age stereotypes become internalized across the life span, it can operate subconsciously, it gains self-relevance with time, utilizes multiple pathways such as psychological, behavioral, and physiological pathways.

What are both examples of negative and positive age-related primes?

Negative = Alzhimers and decline, guidance and wise.

Which age group did priming work for and why?

For the older, because they are more likely to notice and its more relevant to them.

What was Levy's hand writing experiment about?

Hand-writing samples were collected after subliminal exposures were either positive or negative stereotypes

What was the result?

If the participants were given a negative stereotype their handing writing was more shakey and less confident.

What may make age stereotypes become self-relevant?

Subjective onset of old age

Whats an example of all three pathways?

Psychological- Self-fulffiling prophecy, behavioral - healthy practice, physiological - response to stress

What were the results of the baltimore longitudinal study of aging?

Over 38 years, there were significant worse memory performance for people with more negative age stereotypes

The ohio longitudinal study of aging and retirement showed?

Positive stereotypes with age increase chance of having better health

What did participants who who exposed subliminaly to positive and negative age sterotypes see with their blood pressure?

negative increased blood pressure, positive decreased, and sweating increased with negative.

People with more positive self-perceptions of aging lived _____

7.5 years longer

People with positive attitudes towards retirement lived on average ____ more years than those who did not.

4.9 years

Salthouse found that this increased with age while everything else decreased.

Volcabulary increased while speed, reasoning, and memory decreased overall.

Leading cause of death in adults

cardiovascular complications

Third leading cause of death

covid

Second leading cause of death

cancer

Aging consequences in the CV system

vessels lose elasticity; muscles lose strength; max hr decreases

BP consequences of aging

syst. Changes moderately with age, diast. Remains stable

How can CV aging be slowed

exercise and getting heart rate up

Vital capacity

mac amount of air that can be taken in and expelled

What happens to our lungs as we age

they lose elasticity

How much of our lung capacity decreases between 30-80

50%

Reserved capacity

ability to deal with extraordinary situations. Older adults are less capable as it is determined by max HR

Max HR

decreases with age; 220 - age

Resting HR

same in young and old.

Components of immune system

bone marrow and thymus

What is considered the aging clock of humans

the thymus; size decreases and is replaced by fat

B cells

affected by t cells; protect against bacterial infections and pisons; originated from bone marrow; lose efficiency as we age

T cells

protect against viral infections and cancer; originate in bone marrow and mature in thymus; reduce in number and efficiency as we age

Endocrine system

produces hormones that affect organs; regulate physical function and cognitive function

Growth hormone functions

height, brain function, cell replacement, and enzyme production

Aging hormone effects

some hormone levels begin to drop

Hypothalamus

mastery hormone control, says when and how much for hormone release

Hypothalamus attachment

pituitary and ASA master gland

Importance of sleep

performance, productivity, and safety may be lost w/o; serves for consolidation for memory; affects BP, chronic disease, and BGL

Sleep and dementia

sleep helps toxins be removed from the brain, theories suggest correlation with dementia

Insomnia

common in 10-35% of older adults due to melatonin decrease. OTC melatonin hinders natural production

Menopause occurance

between 45-55 years (avg 50-51). 1 year w/o period is considered menopause.

Menopause symptoms

hot flashes, vaginal dryness, pain with intercourse, redistribution of body weight, sleep disturbance, memory problems

How many eggs do women produce in a lifetime

500 thousand

HRT for menopause

can help with symptoms and help you look younger, sometimes causes breast cancer, heart disease, or blood clots in lungs

Hot flash differences

¼ of people report in japan ¾ report in us and canada

Male menopause

does not have a clear mark because not all men lose reproduction ability. In young men ejaculation releases 200-800 million sperm, decreases with age. Testosterone also decreases with age but does not affect sexual function. Prostate size increases.

Young adult sexual activities

roughly 9x/month

Older adult sexual activities

roughly 3x/month d/t testosterone decrease and vaginal drying and thinning

Erectile dysfunction

affects 50% of men older than 65 d/t reduction of testosterone and potential loss of desire/partners/privacy.