MIDTERMS PSYCH 107

Personality

Term:

- Originated from the Latin persona, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman Actors in Greek Dramas

True

true or false:

personality theorists have not agreed on a single definition of personality

Personality

A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior

Characteristics

are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence

Theory

are used to generate research and organize observations. Its neither "truth" nor a "fact"

Scientific theory

A set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis.

Psychodynamic
Human-existential
Dispositional
Biological-Evolutionary
Learning (social) cognitiv

Perspectives in theories of personality

Psychodynamic Theories

- Freud, Adler, Jung, Klein, Horney, Erikson, Fromm
-Unconscious forces are most important in shaping personality
- First 5 years of life are crucial in personality development

Humanistic-Existential Theories

- Maslow, Rogers, May
- People strive to live meaningful, happy lives
- People motivated by growth and psychological health
- Personality is shaped by freedom of choice, response to anxiety, and awareness of death

Dispositional Theories

- Allport, McCrae, Costa
- People are predisposed to behave in unique and consistent ways, they have unique traits
- There are 5 dimensions in human personality (OCEAN)

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

OCEAN

Biological-Evolutionary

- Eysenck, Buss
- The foundation of thought and behavior is biological and genetic forces
- Human thought and behavior have been shaped by evolutionary forces (natural and sexual selection)

Learning (social) cognitive theories

- Skinner, bandura, rotter and mischel, kelly

Skinner

L(S)CT

- The only explanation for behavior is the conditions that create behavior

Bandura

L(S)CT

- Learning occurs through succeeding or failing and watching other people succeed or fail at tasks

Rotter and Mischel

L(S)CT

- Personality develops as an interaction between internal and external characteristics of the person

Kelly

L(S)CT

- The cognitive constructs we develop to perceive the world and other mold our personality

Determinism vs free choice
Pessimism vs optimism
casualty vs teleology
conscious vs unconscious
biological vs social influences
uniqueness vs universality

Six dimensions in evaluating the theorists assumptions of humanity

Determinism vs free choice

"are people's behaviors determined by forces over which they have no control, or can people choose to be what they wish to be?

"can behavior be partially free and partially determined at the same time?"

Pessimism vs optimism

"are people doomed to live miserable, conflicted, and troubled lives, or can they change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, fully functioning human beings?"

In general, personality theorists who believe in determinism tend to be pessimistic (Skinner was a notable exception), whereas those who believe in free choice are usually optimistic.

casualty vs teleology

" do people act as they do because of what has happened to them in the past, or do they act as they do because they have certain expectations of what will happen in the future?"

casualty

- behavior is a function of past experiences

teleology

- an explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes

Conscious vs unconscious

" Are people ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it, or do unconscious forces impinge on them and drive them to act without awareness of these underlying forces"

Biological vs social influences

" are people mostly creatures of biology or are their personalities shaped largely by their social relationships"

example: heredity vs environment

uniqueness vs universality

"Does the theory focus on people's individuality, or on their common characteristics?"

"Should the study of personality concentrate on those traits that make people alike, or should it look at those traits that make people different?"

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis

May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia

when and where was SF born

1869, Vienna, Austria

When and where did SF he move and spent most of his life

University of Vienna

Where did SF attend medical school

true

True or false:

SF father (Jakob) was an authoritarian while his mother (Amalie) was a more nurturant and emotionally available

true

true or false

SF 4 sisters died in a concentration camp

true

True or false:

SF is the eldest of 8 children

true

True or False:

He was filled with hostility towards his brother, next to him, who was born, and wished his death.

His brother died at 6-month old = he was full of guilt

true

true or false:

he has a warm relationship with his indulgent mother which may have contributed to his life long confidence

true

true or false:

SF had two older half brothers from his father's previous marriage.

Martha Bernays

who is SF's wife and had 6 children with?

Anna Freud

SF's youngest daughter who also became a psychoanalyst

Jean-Martin Charcot

who led him to discover and introduce the source of psychological disorders

Wilhem Fliess

Provided him with daring ideas particularly about bisexuality, erogenous zones on the body and sexuality to infants

Josef Breuer

SF's work with another Hypnosist led to his book in 1900 - "The interpretation of Dreams"

A physician who treated Bertha Pappenheim

who is this hypnosist?

Bertha Peppenheim

Also known as Anna O, the patient who was suffering from variety of hysterical symptoms and was treated by Josef breuer

Free association

Charcot and Breuer helped him develop this technique
- a method that encourages patients to express any random thoughts

September 23, 1939, oral/mouth cancer

What year did SF died and what was his cause of death?

true

true or false:

•Freud being a heavy cigar smoker suffered with oral/mouth cancer since 1923 and undergone 30 operations
•In September 21, 1939 asked to be injected with fatal dose of morphine by his Doctor, then repeated after 12 hours - went to coma and did not wake up anymore - died September 23, 1939.

Paris

Where did SF win a research grant to observe Jean Charcot's work with hypnosis?

CONSCIOUS
PRECONSCIOUS
UNCONSCIOUS

The topographical models of the mind

Topographical model

- refers to the three parts of the Human Personality

Conscious

- Part of the tip of the Iceberg
- Contains the thoughts we are currently aware of through the perceptual conscious system; the material constantly changes as new thoughts enter our awareness.
- covers a tiny percentage of the information that is present in our mind
- Included distorted/disguised content that have escaped from the unconscious.

Unconsious

- Contains the majority of our thoughts
- Contains our forbidden desires, drives, urges, instincts, aspirations, wishes, and fears but are beyond our awareness.
- Limited access to these thoughts
- responsible for many of our behaviors (words, feelings, actions)

a. The unconscious proper
b. the preconscious

what is the unconscious consist of:

true

true or false:

Unconscious processes may enter into the Conscious mind only after being disguised or distorted to elude the primary censor and final censor.

true

true or false:

Unconscious material that reaches the Conscious mind presents as relatively pleasant or non-threatening, but has sexually aggressive themes, which are usually punished and suppressed

true

true or false:

the unconscious constantly strive to become consious

1. Conscious perception
2. The unconscious

What are the two sources of Preconscious content:

Conscious perception

- Includes all the retrievable information that happened in the past

- What is perceived stays in the conscious for only a transitory period and passes into the preconscious when the focus of attention shifts

the unconscious

- those that successfully pass through

Phylogenetic Endowment

- Unconscious images inherited from our ancestors

"one's conscious may communicate with another person's unconscious"

dreams

- serve as a rich source of content of the unconscious; childhood experiences can re-appear in adult dreams

Structural model

Freud felt that the topographic model was limited and so, he added the (blank)

Id
ego
superego

what are the structural model/provinces of the mind

Primary process thinking

involves forming a mental image of the desired object to satisfy the need

ID

- Upon birth, the (blank) is the only personality structure; un-restricted by the ego (what is possible - no contact with reality) and the super-ego (what is proper)

defense mechanism

refers to the ego's strategies to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires which causes neurotic anxiety

Are useful when the experience is very painful, but will be unhealthy if used habitually

False

correct: the id is buried in the unconscious

True or false:

The id is buried in the Preconscious

False

correct: strives to constantly reduce tension by satisfying basic desires

true or false:

The id strives constantly to reduce tension by unsatisfying basic desires;

pleasure principle

- satisfying basic desires.

e.g; sucking nipple/thumb, playing with toys, defecating/urinating

true

true or false:

The id is primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to consciousness, unchangeable, amoral, illogical, unorganized, and filled with energy received from basic drives and discharged for satisfaction"

Ego

- the mind's reality principle
- the decision maker
- moves freely across the Unconscious, preconscious, and the conscious parts
- ensures that the impulses from the Id can be expressed in an acceptable manner in the real world

true

true or false:

Many times, the ego uses defense mechanisms to defend itself from anxiety that results from the hostile Id, Superego and Reality,

Superego

- Develops around the 5th year of life
-Represents the standards, ideals and values of the of the society and the "elders" in particular; operates in the "moralistic or idealistic principle", but has no contact with the real world
-Promotes behaviors worthy of praise, which can increase our self-esteem
-Opposes the Id and the Ego, and uses guilt to restrain

the conscience
the ego ideal

the two sub-systems of the super-ego

The conscience

- Forms out the experiences with punishments; describes what should not be done

The ego ideal

forms out of the experiences with rewards; prescribes what should be done

guilt

- results when the ego acts contrary to the moral standards of the conscience

inferiority

- results when the ego does not meet ego ideal's demand for perfection

moral anxiety

- refers to a continuous feeling of shame or guilt

Triebe

- strong internal forces that motivate our behavior

libido (sex)

(Freud) fuels life-giving, pleasure-seeking behaviors

(Jung) refers to psychic energy
- it is striving, desiring, willing
- refers to an appetite

Thanatos (death)

fuels aggressive behaviors

Repression
sublimation
displacement
denial
reaction formation
intellectualization
projection

What are the 7 defense mechanisms?

Repression

refers to the active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of consciousness.

sublimation

refers to the channeling of impulses into socially acceptable behaviors - which may be rewarded

displacement

refers to the channeling of impulses into non-threatening objects - no social rewards involved

denial

refers to the refusal to accept that certain facts exist

reaction formation

refers to attempts to deal with events in a strictly intellectual and unemotional manner

Carl Gustav Jung

- A Swiss psychologist who is known for Analytical Psychology or Jungian Psychology
- He helped Freud create his Psychoanalytic Psychology
- He also developed the collective consciousness theory, as well as the theory of personality

1875, Kesswil, Switzerland

when and where was Jung born

Country Pastor

Jung's father was a (blank)

Suffered from emotional disturbances

Jung's mother was suffering from (blank)

false

correct: 2 older brothers died in infancy before he was born

True or false:

Jungs 3 older brothers died in infancy before he was born

true

true or false:

Jung's younger sister was born when he was 9 years old

true

true or false:

Jung's childhood was lonely and introverted

true

true or false:

Jung spent many childhood hours pondering the meaning of the dreams and supernatural visions he experienced. He felt no one would understand the inner experiences & thoughts he was preoccupied in

Religion, Mythology, and the occult

What influenced Jungs theory?

1907

What year did Jung meet Freud?

38 yrs old, 3 years

How old was Jung when he suffered a neutotic episode and how long did it last?

86

How old was Jung when he died?

Psyche

Refers to all psychological processes; thoughts, feelings, sensations, wishes, etc

Personality (Jung)

A complex network of interacting systems that strive toward eventual harmony