MBIO 1220- Midterm 1

Microbiology is the study of

Microorganisms

Study of germs is actually the study of

infectious diseases, ex. Viruses

Study of microorganisms, 3 depth answers

What bacteria are and how they live. Viruses and infectus particles. Genetics and microbes

immune system definition

Ability of a host to resist disease

human microbiome

the complete collection of microorganisms in the human body's ecosystem. Not all cause diseases

Chemotherapy

the use of drugs to treat a disease.it Will harm microbes, healthy or not

Microbes and explosives

Microbes can degrade explosives.

Microbe that breaks down TNT

Clostridium Bifermendans

Bioremediation

Use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems.

Microorganisms that are involved in Bioremediation

Bioremediators

Bacteriologists study:

bacteria

Virologists study:

viruses

Mycologists study

Fungi

epidemiologists study

Tracks down the outbreaks of diseases

Immunologists study

How the body defends against microbe invaders

Groups of Microorganisms

Eukaryotes- Bacteria, Archaea

Prokaryotes- Algae, Protozoa, fungi

Acellular Microbes- Viruses, non-living

Sizes, microbes

' Viruses (smallest) → bacteria → Protozoa (biggest)

Microbes actions in the environment

-Some produce oxygen

· fix nitrogen for use by plants

· bottom of the food chain

-break down waste

-produce foodst pharmaceuticals

- Microbes can be genetically engineered into

↳ Insulin

↳ degrade explosives

↳ Chocolate

Insecticides

kill insects, helps control diseases in crops (biocontrol)

Spontaneous Generation Theory

Living things arose from non living things

Biogensis

theory that living things come only from other living things

Joseph Lister (1860s)

1. Used a disinfectant (phenol) to clean wounds, surgical dressings and instruments 2. Large decrease in wound infections 3. Concept of Asepsis (lack of germs) finally accepted

Germ Theory of Disease (Koch's Postulates)

I

> Pasteurs work led to speculation

that germs (microbes)caused

disease

↳ Microbes cause chemical a

physical changes to its environment

Bacillus species

gram positive bacilli, commonly used as insecticides

Diseases were caused by what in the 1800s

Bad behaviour and demons

Edward Jenner (1798) (long answer)

↳> Created the first vaccine

↳ Would take pus (fleid

from blisters)from cows

that suffer from cowpox,

isolated a used that as a

vaccine

↳ Used the same method to

treat chickens with foul

cholera

Robert Koch (1876)

discovered that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch's postulates, to demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

Louis Pasteur (1891)+ Aseptic

Technique

↳ Used Swan-neck fasts

to disprove spontaneous

generation

Developed the principle of aseptic technique

ascetic technique steps

↳ you boil the broth to

Kill all the bacteria in it

↳ Allow it to cool, and air enter

↳ Microbes will only grow if

you put the flash to

The side

L.b.broth

Broth that's designed to support and grow bacteria

Fermentation

The chemical action of yeast on sugars to convert to alcohol

Anaerobic

without oxygen

Pasteurization

treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens (Louis method)

Louis Pasteur experiments lead to (long answer)

↳ His experiments led to

Fowl Cholera became less

extreme over time

Precursor to modern vaccine

techniques

contributed to germ theory

vaccination

injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity

Nomenclature: Carl Linnaeus (1674-1748)

' Naming system for microorganisms (check sample 4for example)

Lactobacillus, yeast and acetobacter

Ferment together to break down

Coco pods => chocolate

Alcaligenes eutrophus

makes plastic

Allhalothermophilic thermomonospora

↳ tudes, softens jeans

↳ Alkaline environment: name

meaning

Biocontrol

The use of a species to control the population growth or spread of an undesirable species

Paul Erlich 1908

Developed the science of chemotherapy and discovered a chemical that could be used to fight the bacteria cause syphilis. And discovered a dye that stained bacteria not cells

Salvarsan

an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis

Alexander Flemming discovered

penicillin (from mold) that staphylococcus couldn't grow by the mold

Sulfur & WW2

Used to treat wounds a

infections during WWI

Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Father of microbiology, first to view microorganisms(animalcules). With a microscope he

Invented

Robert Hooke (1665)

Discovered cells with the first microscope. Beginning of cell theory

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Syphilis

↳ STD

↳ Couldn't isolate

↳ Koch principle wasn't

helpful

Atom

the basic unit of a chemical element.

Element

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together, same or different

Structure of atoms

Centrally nucleus, and electrons

proton charges are

positive

Neutrons charges are

neutral

An atoms' nucleus 's charge is

Has a net positive charge (cuz set protons)

, making is stable, and won't take part in reactions

Electrons lé)

Negatively charged- orbits the nucleus in shells

How many electrons are in each shell

2,8,8, etc.

Ions

positively and negatively charged atoms because they lost or gained on electron

3 chemical bonds found in living organisms

1) ionic bonds 2) covalent bonds 3) hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds are

attractions between oppositely charged ions. One takes an electron from the other

Covalent bonds are

sharing of electrons between atoms

Very strong

Hydrogen bonds are

Occur between covalently bonded molecules that display polarity (attract or expel )

polar molecules are

hydrophilic (water loving)

Attracted to each other because of polar charges weak bond

Cells weight is water

75%

Water as the Solvent of Life

water dissolves an enormous variety of solutes necessary for life, providing a medium for chemical reactions. Because of hydrogen bonds

boiling point of water

100 degrees Celsius

pH scale

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

organic molecules

Any molecule that conturns both carbon and hydrogen

Organic molecules that are the building blocks of life

1) carbon hydrates 2) lipids 3) proteins 4) Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates facts/definitions

Large group of compounds, sugarsand starches.Easy source of energy for cells. Polar (dissolve in water)

Types of Carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Simple/single sugar molecules

Monosaccharide examples

glucose,

Disaccharides are

two sugars linked via condensation through covalent and glycosidic bonds

Disaccharide examples are

Sucrose (table sugar ) glucose, fructose

Polysaccharides are

complex carbohydrates, many ( hundreds)of monosaccharides-often not soluble in water

Polysaccharide examples

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Lipid definition and facts

Include fats, complex lipids. Non-polar molecules

Lipid functions include

Acting as building blocks of cell membranes

Energy storage

Insulation

Water repellent

Cellular communication

Protection

Lipid examples

Fats, complex lipids (phospholipids) and steroids

fats chemical makeup

Glycerol backbone, +1 or more fatty acids

Monoadyglycerides

1 fatty acid

Diacylglyceribes

2 fatty acids

Triaclyglycerides

3 fatty acids

Saturated fats have_ double bonds

No double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids have- double bonds

one or more

Carbohydrates chemical makeup

Contain C, H, and O. O:H ratio is 2:1

Phospholipids

Are made up of

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids (non-polar), and a phosphate (polar) group

Phospholipids is used to form

Membranes in water (cells)

,

Saturated fatty acids send to form - membranes

Membranes that are more solid

Unsaturated fatty acids form membranes thatare

More fluid

Biological cell membrane

Semi-preamble. Made from a phospholipid bilayer. Semi-fluid. Separate the inside of the cell from the outside

semi-fluid

A mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty aids

Steroids (or sterols)

Built on a hydrophobic bring structure.

Structurally different from other lipids found in eukaryotes

Steroids examples

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen. Vitamin d

Proteins are made up of

Amino Acids (20 different types). All contain c.h,o,n.

Proteins and their functions con a cellular level)

Structural. Act as enzymes

' Enzymes (protein function)

speed up chemical reactions in the body

Determines an amino acid properties.

Have at least one amino ( Nh 2) and one carbonyl (-cooh) group, side groups determine the properties