History 220 midterm

Midterm for BYU Hodson History 220

Beringia

land bridge that connected Asia and North America

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans, 1050-1350 AD

Clovis First Theory

ancient people walked across Beringia to the Americas, they were the first settlers

The Clovis Killers

evidence of human activity in Chile that was 12,500 years old, older than the ice age that created Beringia

Chaco Canyon

An urban center established by ancient pueblo people located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

Problems in Chaco Canyon

water and food, had to use a lot of trade (chocolate and turquoise found in their villages) subjugated societies near the ancient pueblos were clearly more starved

Cahokian mounds

indicate political complexity

Hohokam/Hopewell Societies

0-100 AD, complex irrigation, grew corns, beans, and squash, had mounds

Corn+Beans+Squash

=complexity, because it gives protein and replenishes the Earth

Crab Nebula

1054 AD, depictions in Chaco Canyon; could the crab nebula have influenced the Chacoans and the Cahokians to build more complex societies??

Cahokian structures

Chunkey plaza, Mound 72, built in 30-40 years

Chunkey

a game played by Native Mississippians in which a disc or small wheel was rolled at high speed while warriors ran alongside and threw spears at the disc

Mound 72

faces the wrong direction, ridge-topped instead of flat-topped, two burials on top (The Headman), then 53 women, shows social complexity and hierarchy

Mesa Verde

grew as Chaco Canyon fell

Fall of Chaco Canyon

likely due to climate change like Cahokia

Iroquois Confederacy

5 tribes, 1350 AD, mourning wars, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga

Deganawidah

Traditional founder of the Iroquois confederation, started the rituals that ended the mourning wars

Moundville, AL

Mississippian site in Alabama comprised of 20, mostly platform, mounds; reached it's peak in 1250 and followed after Cahokian model

Crow Creek Massacre

killed while building a defensive perimeter, caused by collapse of Cahokia, when Cahokians stopped enforcing peace there was mass violence

pax Cahokiana

the spread of Cahokian material culture

The Empty Quarter

Cahokia to Memphis, emptied after the fall of Cahokia

Middle Passage

10.5 million Africans, 10-20% died, more African slaves than European migrants

Islam

began in the Medina and got to W. Africa by 1500

Ghana

800-1100 AD, developed trans-Saharan trade routes, traded salt and gold

The Mali Empire

1100-1400 AD, capital=Timbuktu, leader was Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa

1280-1337 AD, trip to Mecca caused gold to devalue by 25%

The Songhay Empire

1460-1591, by the Niger River. Became a major center of Islamic learning and commerce

Equatorial Africa

smaller communities on fringes, empires in center

Kingdom of Kongo

West Coast of Central Africa, began trading with the Portuguese in late 15th century, Kings converted to Roman Catholicism

Just War Doctrine

legal to take slaves during a just war

The Crusader States

1099-1291, French soldiers commanded by the Pope to take back the Holy Land, introduced Europeans to sugar plantations

Jean de Bethencourt

a crusader, established a sugar plantation in Canary Islands, indigenous people died due to disease, prequel to sugar plantations in the Caribbean

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river

Elizabethan Geopolitics

view Roman Empire as a mistake, envy the Spanish and their gold, disagree w/ how the Spanish treated Indians, believe the Native Americans would want to ally with them bc of Black Legend

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ

Powhatan's Confederacy

Dominate native people James River area when English came 1607, saw English as allies at first to extend power over Indian rivals

Hernan Cortes

conquered Tenochtitlan in 1520, no support from the Spanish, got subjugated Native Americans to fight with him

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541), won by basically joining an already existent civil war

Port Royal and Fort Caroline

Charleston harbor and Jacksonville fort, French, threatened the Spanish and was destroyed by them

Don Luis de Velasco

Native American adopted by King Philip, given this Christian name, may have been leader at one point of Powhatan's Confederacy

Jamestown

only 38 survive winter, start of the Tobacco Revolution, had indentured slavery, 1607

John Smith and Pocahantes

was an adoption ritual not a love story

The Tobacco Revolution

very labor intensive, used indentured servants, once they started getting free landowners began buying slaves instead

Headright System

landowners get 50 acres for every indentured servant they bring from Europe, caused a land shortage and the price of tobacco to plummet

Barbados

a useful comparison, English sugar plantation colony, started fearing poor revolt so they started legislating race to keep poor white people and black slaves apart

Bacon's Rebellion

1676, attacked Native Americans and Williamsburg, gathered poor white people AND black slaves, spurred gov. to encode race into law (just like Barbados)

English Civil War

1652-1650, Charles I executed by Parliament, republic was run into the ground by Cromwell, and Charles II was invited to be king by Parliament

The Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange, they wanted a protestant king instead of Catholic

Charles II

Son of Charles I, first cousin of King Louis XIV of France, preferred religious tolerance, succeeded by his brother James I

New France

St. Lawrence River in Canada, active fur trade, friends with the Huron, tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism

Samuel de Champlain

mortal enemy of the Iroquois for fighting with the Huron

The Huron Confederacy

1650, north shore of Lake Ontario, encountered Samuel de Champlain, allies of the French, active trade center

Franciscans

male Catholic missionaries, tried to convert the Hurons to Catholicism and failed

Jesuits

founded by Ignatius of Loyala, amazing Catholic missionaries

How the Jesuits tried to convert the Huron

-very respectful of different cultures

-used fear and love to express religion

-stopped preaching about the horrors of hell bc Hurons see torture every day

-started talking about Christ as a warrior instead of martyr

-framed conversion as adoption ceremony

-Virgin Mary was the best lineage

The Covenant Chains

diplomatic and trade relations between the Iroquois and the Dutch/English

Iroquois Wars

1640s, shattered the French-Huron alliance, scattered the Huron North and West, Huron were adopted into Iroquois, Iroquois became substantially Huron

Absolutism

divine right of kings

Cordon Sanitaire

a line of "quarantine" or buffer states, used by the French to keep the English from going West

Vauban Fortress

French fortresses across N America, supposed to be a place where Native Americans can settle and trade

Calumet Ceremony

peace pipe smoked during diplomatic meetings (tobacco), promoted peace between the French and the Huron

Charles de Montmagny

1636-1646, name means 'big mountain', first Onontio (translates to Big Mountain in native language), father of French and Native American alliance

Onontio

The term used by the Algonquian Indians to designate the governor of New France, viewed as distributors and mediators, supposed to give gifts

Franco-Iroquois Warfare

French start warring with the Iroquois after the Iroquois Wars, half of the Mohawks are pro-English (former Mohawks), and half are pro-French (former Huron)

The Fox Wars

the French built a fort at Detroit, invite the Fox to settle, and starts a war between the other French allies and the Fox

The Great Peace of Montreal

1701, French invited the Iroquois to diplomatic meeting and gets them to join alliance

The Ohio Valley

prized land, claimed by the Iroquois, British, and French

the Iroquois send half-kings to claim the land and send colonizers to settle it, primary reason for the Seven Years War

Seven Years War

also known as the Great War for Empire and the French and Indian War, started at Jumonville's Glen, ends with the Seige of Quebec and the Treaty of Paris

Dynastic War

wars started because of succession issues, end inconclusively and with little changes bc of the concept of balance of power

Balance of Power

a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others

Half-Kings

Iroquois people that are supposed to keep the British and the French out of the Ohio Valley and prevent Iroquois colonizers from making deals w/ the British/French

Treaty of Lancaster

Treaty concluded in 1744 between the Iroquois and the English granting the latter trade rights to the forks of the Ohio River

Canastego

made a treaty with the British that gave up the Ohio Valley (Treaty of Lancaster)

Tanaghrisson

half-king sent to help the British since he viewed them as a lesser evil in the dispute for the Ohio valley, started the Seven Years War by burying a hatchet in the French leader's (Jumonville) head

Jumonville's Glen

British victory over French group in a glen, had the high ground and help from Tanaghrisson, after surrender the Iroquois began brutally murdering the French anyways

Fort Necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender. The place where Washington signed a confession for the killing of Jumonville.

Montcalm

French General in the Battle of Quebec

Wolfe

British General in the Battle of Quebec

The Seige of Quebec

the end of the Seven Years War with Wolfe's/British victory over Montcalm/French in Quebec

Treaty of Paris (Seven Years War)

surrenders New France east of the Mississippi, gives Louisana to the Spanish, disaster for Native Americans

Results of the Seven Year War

destroys Balance of Power and doubles Britain's national debt, also exposes American soldiers to things they don't like about British soldiers--lack of respect for the Sabbath and too many lashes

Anglo-American Modes of Thought

1. Lockean Liberalism

2. Republicanism

3. Consumerism

Lockean Liberalism

Individual liberty, equality, unalienable rights, popular sovereignty, consent of governed; John Locke

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Monarchy-Tyranny

Aristocracy-Oligarchy

Democracy-Anarchy

all forms of gov't devolve into their lesser forms

Consumerism

Americans stop desiring British goods and start to see consumption of British goods as akin to slavery because they were denied rights while generating wealth for the British

Proclamation of 1763

British declaration that forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachians

The Sugar Act (1764)

new tax on French molasses, lower duties but starts actually enforcing them