GEN-PC

Language

reflects the state of our communication and lets us communicate

Grammar

system of rules

Phonology

sound system

Lexicon

vocabulary

Speech Community

share the same set of rules in the language system

Language Contact

visiting another speech community

Language Change

the result of language contact and natural behavior

First Language (L1)

aka Mother tongue, process of language learning

Second Language (L2)

process of language learning, formally or informally

Foreign Language

not nature to us

Communication

passing, understanding, and exchange of information

Functions of Communication

informing and persuading

Informing

sharing of a message verbally or non-verbally

Persuading

making the other party accept your ideas

Verbal

oral or written

Non verbal

body language, gestures, posture

Purpose of Communication

inform, persuade, entertain, educate, train, mootivate, integrate, relate

Inform

accurate and precise information helps in planning and organizing

Persuade

influencing the attitudes, feelings, and beliefs of others

Entertain

create pleasure events that facilitate social bonding

Educate

teaching and learning with an object to widen knowledge

Train

increasing knowledge and skills to achieve proficiency

Motivate

creating and releasing work energy

Integrate

exchange of views and information for a better understanding

Relate

building and nurturing relationships

Classification of Communication

organizational structure, direction, and mode of expression

Communication Process

communication involves steps

Steps in Communication Process

Feedback -> Sender -> Encoding -> Message -> Channel -> Decoding -> Receiver -> Feedback

Phases of Communication Process

ideation, encoding, transmission, receiving, decoding, action

Ideation

conceiving of idea

Encoding

putting thoughts, ideas, or information into a symbolic form

Transmission

transmitted through a strategically selected channel or medium

Receiving

receiver gets the message

Decoding

deciphering meaning to understand and interpret

Action

behavior/action/feedback

Elements of Communication Process

message, sender, encoding, medium and channel, receiver, decoding, feedback

Message

organized and structured information

Sender

who transmits, spreads, and initiates

Encoding

message is expressed through words, symbols, languages

Medium/Channel

oral message is medium and telephone is a channel

Receiver

destination of message

Decoding

receiver draws meanings

Feedback

receiver's response and final element

Context

circumstances or environment in which communication takes place

Classification of Communication

According to mode, according to context, according to purpose and style

According to mode

verbal communication, non-verbal communication, visual communication

Verbal communication

demonstrating knowledge, answering

Non verbal communication

gestures, expressions

Visual communication

signs, symbols, imagery

According to context

intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, extended communication, organizational communication, intercultural communication

Intrapersonal communication

self-talk, inner dialogue

Interpersonal communication

relationship with others

Extended communication

involves the use of electronic media and internet

Organizational communication

flow of message: downwards, upward, horizontal, crosswise

Intercultural communication

different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds

According to Purpose and Style

formal communication, informal communication

Formal

thought out carefully to inform, entertain, and persuade

Informal

personal and ordinary carefully to socialize

Organizational Culture

dictates the kind of behavior that employees should possess

Communication Mode

channel through which one expresses or conveys thoughts

Different Communication Modes

face-to-face, video, audio, text-based, non-verbal

Face

to-face - most effective conversation between 2 people who socialize

Video

2nd most convenient for those who cannot meet personally

Audio

enhanced by varying tone and volume to communicate nuances, based on signals

Text

based - limited to what is printed and can reach a large audience

Non verbal

gestures that may confirm or contradict verbal message

Audio Conference

it is a cost-effective communication tool, it is easily accessible, and it can save lots of time and money

Nonverbal Cues

reflective to truth and complement the message

Body Language

facial expressions, head gestures, eye contact, torso/arms/hands, handshakes, legs/feet, voice

Facial expressions

smile, pursed lips, pouting lips, tight jaws, face turning red, frow, smooth forehead

Head gestures

nodding of the head, leaning head on hands while tilting, leaning head to the side fully facing you, head backward/retracting, head bowed down, head shaking side to side, covering face with hands, twirling hair, touching hair

Eye contact

avoiding someone's eyes, the direction of someone's gazes, pupil dilation, rolling back to the eyes

Torso and arms

leaning forward, crossing arms, pat on the back, hugs at work, hands on chest, showing palms, hands in pocket

Handshakes

limp, pulverizing, using 2 hands

Legs and feet

legs crossed at the knee, tapping foot, feet pointing out

Voice

high pitched, low volume, loud voice, tone

Principes for Effective Oral/Written Communication

Know your purpose, know your audience, know your topic, adjust your speech/writing to the context, work on the feedback given

Know Your Purpose

the dominant reason why someone communicates

Know Your Audience

audience's background can determine the style of communicating

Know Your Topic

techniques are needed to catch the audience's attention

Adjust Speech/Writing to the Context

one must adapt and determine the appropriate kind of language

Work on the Feedback

comments from listener and audience helps in improving

Be Principles for "Oral"

be clear with purpose, be complete with the message, be concise, be natural with delivery, be specific and timely with feedback

Be Clear With Purpose

objective first before communicating

Be Complete With The Message

claims must be supported by facts and information

Be Concise

no need to be verbose or wordy

Be Natural With The Delivery

confidence helps with emphasizing some important words

Be Specific and Timely with Feedback

inputs are most helpful when provided on time

7 C's for "Written"

clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, courteous

Clear

must be guided by purpose in order for the audience to understand the message

Concise

just focus on the main point

Concrete

must be supported with facts, information, and examples

Correct

no grammatical errors and spelling errors

Coherent

ideas follow a structure and are connected to each other

Complete

include all necessary information that will attract attention

Courteous

avoid any overtone/undertone or insinuation

Ethics of Communication

pave the way for the development of one's integrity as a person; disclose vital information adequately and appropriately for transparency

Code of Ethics

sets the standard to be observed by a person or company

Aristotle

speaker > speech > occasion > audience > effect

Aristotle

Context and occasion have an influence