Extraction of Starch

starch

A glucosan that serves as temporary storage form of photosynthetic products.

starch

constitutes the principal form of carbohydrate. It is the source of energy

starch

occurs in the form of granules (starch grains), the shape and size of which are characteristic of the species as is also the ratio of the content of the principal constituents, amylose and amylopectin.

granules (starch grains)

Starch occurs in the form of

amylose and amylopectin

starch occurs in the form of granules (starch grains), the shape and size of which are characteristic of the species as is also the ratio of the content of the principal constituents, __ __

(C₆H₁₀O₅)n

general formula of starch

number of glucose unit in the polymer

the n in the starch formula represents the

true

true or false
The n differs depending on the type of starch sources

helical arrangement

arrangement of amylose

amylose

Linear molecule (helical arrangement)

amylose

250 to 300 D-glucopyranose units

amylose

Uniformly linked by ⍺-1,4 glucosidic bonds

25%

Amylose-Amylopectin Ratio in amylose

amylose

more soluble in water (constituent)

deep blue complex

amylose yield a __ in iodine test

amylose

Iodine test: Deep blue complex

amylopectin

Branched molecule

amylopectin

1000 or more D-glucopyranose units

amylopectin

Linked by ⍺-1,4 glucosidic bonds for the straight chain; branched by ⍺-1,6 glucosidic bonds

75%

Amylose-Amylopectin Ratio in amylopectin

amylopectin

less soluble in water (constituent)

blue-violet or purple color

amylopectin yield __ in iodine test

amylopectin

Iodine test: Blue-violet or purple color

Lenticular

2-3, 35-40

Bimodal sizes

microscopy of barley

Lenticular

Bimodal sizes

microscopy of rye

Lenticular

3-8, 15-35

Bimodal sizes

microscopy of wheat

Polygonal

5-30

Centril hilum

microscopy of maize

Polygonal

3-8

Spherical

microscopy of rice

Oval

30-100

Off center hilum

microscopy of potato

Oval

20-65

Off center hilum

microscopy of sago

Truncated

3-28

Centric hilum

microscopy of tapioca

barley

Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae)

maize

Zea mays (Poaceae)

potato

Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae)

rice

Oryza sativa (Poaceae)

rye

Secale cereale (Poaceae)

sago

Metroxylon rumphii (Arecaceae)

tapioca

Manihot utilissima (Euphorbiaceae)

wheat

Triticum aestivum (Poaceae)

corn starch

potato starch

wheat starch

official starches

starch

as the term is used in pharmaceutic circles, consists of granules separated from the endosperm of various plants.

mature grain

official starch: separated from __ of zea mays

mature grain

official starch: separated from __ of triticum aestivum

tubers

official starch: separated from __ of solanum tuberosum

• Binder

• Disintegrant

• Diluent

• Absorbents

• Glidant/Lubricant

Pharmaceutical aid or excipient of starch

dusting powders

starch is used as __ powders

starch

antidote for iodine poisoning

starch

Starting material from which liquid glucose (corn syrup), dextrose, dextrins, and high-fructose sweeteners are made

• pregelatinized starch

• sodium starch glycolate

• hetastarch

• soluble starch

list of modified starches

true

true or false
starches obtained from different botanical garden, they may not exhibit identical properties and different pharmaceutical use. They should not be interchangeable.

corn starch

is used because it has the property that we intend to have for certain starch

pregelatinized starch

starch that has been chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules in the presence of water and is subsequently dried.

pregelatinized starch

• slightly soluble to soluble in cold water

• used as a tablet excipient

sodium starch glycolate

• a semisynthetic material; the sodium salt of a carboxymethyl ether of starch

• used as a disintegrating agent in tablet formulations

sodium starch glycolate

• The mechanism is that it attracts water, para siyang mag sswollen then pag lumaki siya doon mag iinitiate yung breakdown ng tablet then it can be dissolve and absorb

• Disintegrating agent: we want to break down

hetastarch

a semisynthetic material that is prepared in such a manner that it is approximately 90% amylopectin, and 7 or 8 hydroxyethyl substituents are present for each 10 glucose units.

6% solution

A __ of hetastarch is used as a plasma expander.

hetastarch

It is adjunct therapy in treatment of shock (sudden drop of blood pressure) caused by hemorrhage, burns, surgery, sepsis, or other trauma.

24 to 36 hours

The duration of action, or the atleast the duration of improved hemodynamic status is approximately___ . And by that time the heta starch is degraded and later on they are eliminated rapidly via renal excretion

hetastarch

Usually ginagamit sa patient na hindi pwede mag blood transfussion para mamaintain yung BP

soluble starch

prepared by treating commercial potato starch with hydrochloric acid until, after washing, it forms a limpid, almost clear solution in hot water.

limpid

soluble starch is prepared by treating commercial potato starch with hydrochloric acid until, after washing, it forms a ___, almost clear solution in hot water.

potassium iodide

Iodine on its own is insoluble in water but in addition of __ it results in reversible reaction of the iodine ion reacting with another iodine to form a triiodide ion. This triiodide ion further reacts with another iodine molecule to form a pentaiodide ion.

brown, colorles

Iodine solution is ___ while the iodide, triiodide and pentaiodide is ___

iodine (I2) and potassium iodide (KI)

iodine test uses lugol’s solution which is the aqueous solution of

• Iodine molecules fit into the helical structure of starch (specifically amylose), forming a colored complex that produces the blue-black color for your amylose

•  in the amylopectin it also reacts with the iodine, but the resulting color is typically purple color (blue-violet) because iodine interacts with the branching point of amylopectin, but it does not react the same way like amylose

rationale of iodine test