Pathology Final Exam - New Information Diagram | doestn include breast skin reproductive and eyes and ears

Direct components of the endocrine system

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal

Indirect components of the endocrine system

Gonads

Pancreas

Intestine

Function of the endocrine system

Hormone production

Endocrine Effect

Indirect action

Hormones secreted into bloodstream

Paracrine Effect

Direct action

Hormones secreted into tissues

Hyperfunction

Overproducing hormones

Hypofunction

Underproducing hormones

Hyperplasia

Increased cellular growth -> gland enlargement

Neoplasia

Tumor formation - benign or malignant

Location of pituitary gland

Sella turcica at base of skull

Hormones produced by pituitary gland

Growth hormone

Prolactin

ACTH

Gonadotropins

TSH

Oxytocin

ADH

Growth Hormone

Bone and cartilage growth

Metabolism

Prolactin

Lactation

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Cortisol - stress response + metabolism

Androgens - sex hormones + metabolism

Gonadotropins

LH - sperm + ovulation

FSH - sperm + menstrual cycle

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Acts on thyroid gland

Oxytocin

Labor and childbirth

Lactation

Bonding hormone

Antiduiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Water + sodium levels

Kidney function

BP

Pituitary Hyperfunction

Due to neoplasia

Prolactinomas

Most common pituitary adenoma

Too much prolactin

Men: impotence

Women: amenorrhea + infertility

Somatotropic Adenomas

Too much growth hormone

Children: gigantism

Adult: acromegaly -> enlargement of internal organs and extremities

Corticotropic Adenomas

Too much ACTH

Panhypopituitarism

Lack of all pituitary hormones

Diabetes Insipidus

Lack of ADH

Euthyroidism

Normally functioning thyroid

Location + cells that make up the thyroid gland

Neck

Follicular cells

C-Cells

Follicular Cells

Produce T3 + T4

Regulate metabolism

C-Cells

Produce Calcitonin

Regulate calcium levels

Thyroid Hyperfunction

Excessive thyroid hormones

Graves disease

Thyroid Hypofunction

Lack of thyroid hormones

Hashimoto's disease, iodine deficiency

Thyroid Adenoma

Benign

May cause noticeable enlargement

Palpable mass

"Cold nodules" seen

Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma

Malignant

Affects follicular cells

Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma

Malignant

Affects follicular cells

Thyroid Anaplastic Carcinoma

Malignant

Affects follicular cells

Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma

Malignant

Affects C-Cells

Location of parathyroid glands

Behind thyroid

Usually 4 total

Hormones produced by parathyroid glands

Parathyroid hormone

Regulate calcium and phosphate levels

Primary Parathyroid Hyperfunction

Too much parathyroid hormone

Due to hyperplasia

Increased calcium levels

Decreased phosphate levels

Secondary Parathyroid Hyperfunction

Too much parathyroid hormone

Due to chronic renal failure

Decreased calcium levels

Decreased vitamin D levels

Parathyroid Hypofunction

Lack of parathyroid hormone

Due to agenesis or removal of glands

Decreased calcium levels

Location of Adrenal Glands

Retroperitoneal space

Above each kidney

Cortical hormones produced by adrenal glands

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Androgens

Medullary hormones produced by adrenal glands

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Aldosterone

Salt/water balance -> BP

Cortisol

Stress

Blood sugar

Metabolism

Androgens

Sex hormones -> especially testosterone

Epinephrine

Adrenaline

Norepinephrine

Fight/flight response

Sympathetic nervous system

Adrenomedullary Hyperfunction

Rare

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction

Common

Too many cortical hormones

Excess Cortisol

Cushing's syndrome

Excess Aldosterone

Conn's syndrome

Excess Androgens

Andrenogenital syndrome

Genitalia may not look typical

Women: fertility issues due to irregular menses or amenorrhea; hirsutism, deeper voice; virilization

Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Addison's disease

Due damage of adrenal glands

Decreased cortisol and aldosterone

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Lack of ACTH

Adrenal Adenomas

Benign

Cortical

Lead to hypersecretion of hormones

Adrenal Pheochromocytoma

Benign

Medullary

Lead to hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal Neuroblastoma

Malignant

Medullary

Seen in children

Components of nervous system

CNS & PNS

CNS

Brain

Spinal cord

PNS

Peripheral nerves

Autonomic ganglia

Functions of the nervous system

Regulation and of body functions through feedback loops

Regulation of musculoskeletal system

Gray Matter in the Brain

In cortex

Contain neuron cell bodies and dendrites

Unmyelinated

Gray Matter in Spinal Cord

Internal

Butterfly-shaped

White Matter in the Brain

Lies beneath cortex

Contains axons

Myelinated

White Matter in Spinal Cord

Surrounds gray matter

Myelinated

Importance of myelin sheaths

Helps nerve signals move quickly

Cells that wrap around axons in CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Cells that wrap around axons in PNS

Schwann Cells

Frontal Lobe

Motor functions

Emotions

Intellect

Parietal Lobe

Sensory

Temporal Lobe

Hearing

Smell

Occipital Lobe

Sight

Basal Ganglia

Muscle contraction

Thalamus

Sensory processing

Consciousness

Hypothalamus

Regulates temp, HR, hunger

Meninges of the Skull (outer to inner)

Dura

Arachnoid

Pia

Importance of CSF

Provides cushion and transports nutrients

Components of a neuron

Support cells of CNS

Glial cells

Glial Cell Types

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Micegolia

Ependymal cells

Dysraphic Diseases

Incomplete fusion of neural tube

Ancephaly

Lack of calvaria

Destruction of brain tissue

Meningocele

Herniation of meninges

Myelomeningocele

Herniation of meninges and spinal cord

Spina Bifida

No vertebral arches

Exposed meninges or spinal cord

Most common spinal cord injury

Whiplash

Hyperextension of the head

Head violently moves forward and quickly hyperextends backwards

Hyperflexion of the head

Head violently moves backward and quickly hyperflexes forwards

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Brain bleed

Concussion

Brain is shaken

Contusion

Bruising of the brain - causes bleeding and swelling

Hematoma

Localized brain bleed

Laceration

Bleeding from penetrating trauma

Epidural Hematoma

Bleeding between skill and dura

Subdural Hematoma

Bleeding between dura and arachnoid

Subarachnoid Hematoma

Bleeding between arachnid and Pia

Causes of Ischemic Stroke

Atherosclerosis

Embolism

Acute CVA

Chronic ischemia

Causes of Hemorrhagic Stroke

HTN -> ruptures vessels

Aneurysm or arteriovenous malformations

Meningitis

Inflammation of meninges