Biology Test Grade [10]

Cellular Organization

All living things are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism, including energy conversion.

Growth and Development

Living organisms undergo regulated growth and developmental processes.

Reproduction

The ability to produce new organisms, which can be asexual or sexual.

Response to Stimuli

The ability to respond to environmental changes or stimuli.

Evolution and Adaptation

Changes in living organisms over generations that enhance survival and reproduction.

Cell Theory

States that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Nucleus

Double membrane-bound organelle that stores DNA and coordinates cell activities.

Ribosomes

Composed of rRNA and protein; site of protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membranous tubules; rough ER synthesizes proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP through cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts

Organelles that conduct photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy.

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers providing structural support and enabling cell movement.

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer that regulates material passage in and out of the cell.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines organs; acts as a barrier and aids in absorption.

Connective Tissue

Supports and binds other tissues and organs; characterized by a large extracellular matrix.

Muscle Tissue

Responsible for movement, composed of cells capable of contraction.

Nervous Tissue

Transmits electrical impulses, enabling communication within the body.