GRISTO Module 3 Anatomy: Postnatal Craniofacial Growth and Development

a. Evaluation of treatment (cephalometrics)

b. When to begin treatment

c. Sex differences

Patterns of growth cessation

a. Etiology of malocclusion/skeletal discrepancies

b. How to use growth to treat patients

Development of variations

the cranial base and facial skeleton follow different patterns of growth cessation

A key principle in application is that

~6-8 years, in the mid to late teens-early 20s

The midline cranial base ceases growth ~ ___________ years of age while the facial skeleton ceases growth in the

Serial cephs are superimposed on the developmentally stable cranial base

Endochonrral and intramembranous skeletal elements contribute to the cranial base

cartilaginous

The midline cranial base is ______ in origin

Exhibits intrinsic growth potential

Drives the growth of other craniofacial regions

Examples: Cranial base cartialges

Growth centers

No intrinsic growth potential

Grows in response to growth centers (accommodative)

Examples

- craniofacial sutures

- Periosteal surfaces

Growth sites

different times

Fusion of cranial base sunchondroses occurs at

~12 years

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) fuses

before birth

Mid-sphenoid synchondrosis (MSS) fuses

~6-8 years

Spheno-ethmoidal synchondrosis (SES) fuses

A. SES

B. MSS

C. SOS

variable part of the face

Within and among populations, anterior vertical facial dimensions are the most

primarily in the vertical dimension

Compared to other mammals, humans have faces that grow

disproportionally

Vertical dimensions increase ______________ relative to length and width dimensions

Face just keeps growing bro

cessation of neurocranial growth

The facial skeleton continues to grow long after the

patterns of integration among different cranial regions

To understand how variations develop we must know

Neurocranium

A. Cranial base

B. Cranial vault

Viscerocranium

A. Orbital region

B. Nasal region

C. Masticatory region

A. Cranial vault

B. Cranial base

A. Orbital region

B. Nasal region

C. Masticatory region

1. the facial skeleton and cranial base are tightly integrated structures

2. Changes in the cranial base result in changes in the facial skeleton

The unique pattern of facial growth in humans is tied to anatomical differences in the cranial base

facial skeleton

The influence of the cranial base is also reflected in patterns of growth cessation in the

superior-inferior

The cranial base establishes a ____________________ gradient of growth cessation

males and females

The timing of growth cessation varies between

vertical growth of the face

Multiple developmental dynamics differentially contribute to

mandibular/alveolar growth

Differences between hyper and hypo-divergent individuals are due to

different patterns of mandibular condylar cartilage growth

Variation in the lower face is affected by

different patterns of mandibular rotation

Variation in condylar cartilage growth results in

different condylar cartilage does this shit

condylar cartilage (on the right)

- not in a columnar arrangement thus can grow in different directions

The potential for different patterns of mandibular rotation is evident in the

alveolar bone

Mandibular rotation produces compensatory changes in

patterns of mandibular rotation

Variation in respiratory function affects

patterns of mandibular rotation

Variation in masticatory function affects

the same craniofacial phenotypes

Different functional dynamics can produce