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New Immigrants
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1800s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate.
"Social gospel"
A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.
Settlement Houses
Mostly run by middle-class native born American women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrival to the United States. Many women, both native born and immigrant, developed live long passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent
American Protective Association
An anti-foreign organization created in 1887; soon claimed a million members; urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored the publication of slanderous materials against immigrants
Liberal Protestants
Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather to believe the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many Liberal Protestants became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era.
Chautauqua Movement
Helped benefit adults in education. This movement was launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua, in New York. The organizers achieved success through nationwide public lectures, often held in tents and featuring well-known speakers, including Mark Twain. In addition, there were extensive Chautauqua courses of home study. This movement contributed to the development of American faith in formal education.
Tuskegee Institutes
A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregation, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accomodationist."
Morrill Act of 1862
passed in 1862, it aided in the growth of higher education; provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education
Land-grant colleges
Colleges and universities created from the allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1877. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late 19th century, and may of today's universities derive from these grants
Pragmatism
A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late 19th century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems . The pragmatists thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well known purveyors of pragmatism were John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr, and William James
Yellow Journalism
A scandal mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to the sensationalist journalist practices with unethical, unprofessional standards.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. NAWSA argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision making process. During WWI, NAWSA supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allie victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide women suffrage in the 19th Amendment
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcoholism using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocates of prohibition in the United States found a common cause with activists elsewhere, Especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.
World's Columbian Exposition
Held in Chicago, Americans viewed this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place amongst the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and sciences, and its promoters built a mini city in which to host the fair that reflected the ideals of city planning popular at the time. For many, this was the high point of the "City Beautiful" movement.
Louis Sullivan
Contributed the development of the skyscraper
Walter Rauschenbusch
Leading protestant adovocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems
Washington Gladden
Lead the Congregational Church in Columbus, OH and preached the social gospel
Jane Addams
A middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses; college educated (one of first generation); established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants); condemned war and poverty; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
Dwight Lyman Moody
Part of the social gospel movement, proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life and founded an institute in 1889
Cardinal James Gibbons
Popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity.
Mary Baker Eddy
She founded the Church of Christ (Christian Science) in 1879. Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.
Charles Darwin
An English Naturalists who wrote the Origin of the Species in 1859. His theory stated that in nature the strongest of a species survive, the weaker animals died out leaving only the stronger of the species.
Booker T. Washington
An ex-slave who saved his money to buy himself an education. He believed that blacks must first gain economic equality before they gain social equality. He was President of the Tuskegee Institute and he was a part of the Atlanta Compromise. He believed that blacks should be taught useful skills so that whites would see them as useful.
W. E. B. Du Bois
Black leader; earned a Ph.D. at Harvard (the first of his race to achieve that goal); demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910; rejecting Booker T. Washington's gradualism and separatism, he demanded that the "talented tenth" of the black community be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life
William James
A philosopher on Harvard faculty, wrote Principles of Psychology, The Will of to Believe, Varieties of Religious Experience, and Pragmatism; 1842-1910: Helped to express philosophy of the nation.
Joseph Pulitzer
Leader in the technique of sensationalism in St. Louis and especially with the New York World, creator of the yellow press
Horatio Alger
A popular writer of the Post-Civil War time period. He was a Puritan New Englander who wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction during his career; he believed that a combination of virtue, honesty, hard work, and bravery could achieve success, wealth, and honor
Mark Twain
a popular writer of the Post-Civil War time period. He was a Puritan New Englander who wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction during his career; the famous "rags to riches" theme.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force.
Carrie Chapman Catt
She was a leader of the women's suffrage movement. Cast stressed the desirability of giving women the right to vote if they continued their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the increasingly public world. She was not successful in accomplishing her goal, but she did spark a movement that would eventually lead to women's right to vote.
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