Bacteriology & Mycology Lecture 4: Staphylococcus Spp

Facultative anaerobic

Staphyloccus spp. can grow with or without oxygen meaning they are ___________________

cocci

What shape are Staphylococcus spp ?

gram-positive

What shape is Staphylococcus spp?

grape-like

Staphylococcus sp arranges in ________________ clusters

20

About how many species of Staphyloccocus spp are there?

host-specific

Species of Staphylococcus spp are mostly _________________

S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. hyicus, S. epirdermidis

What four Staphylococcus species are common pathogens in humans and animals?

coagulase positive

S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius and S. hyicus are ___________________

S. epidermidis

What pathogenic species of Staphylococcus is coagulase negative?

S. aures

Staphylococcus spp. that is transient for humans and many domestic animals

S. pseudintermedius

What Staphyloccocus spp is transient and proven to cause disease in dogs?

S. hyicus

What Staphylococcus spp. is transient, usually on pigs and causes greasy pig disease?

S. epidermidis

What Staphylococcus spp. is a resident on most animals, rarely a skin pathogen but may cause deeper infections?

long lived

Staphylococcus spp. are ________________ in the environment

heat and desiccation

What are Staphylococcus spp. resistant to in the environment?

ubiquitous

Staphylococcus spread easy and are _______________

recto-anal junction

Where can S. pseudintermedius be found on dogs?

low

How much resistance do most animals have against Staphylococcus spp. superficially colonizing?

injury, catheters, disruption of normal flora, concurrent infection, sub-optimal immune function

What are some predisposing factors that may allow Staphylococcus spp. to invade the body?

extracellular matrix

Once the epidermis is damaged, Staphylococcus spp. infect the dermis by binding to the host's ___________________

capsule and clot formation

How does Staphylococcus spp. resist phagocytosis?

true

Staphylococcus spp can survive inside phagocytic cells (true or false)

proteases

What digests host tissues, damages skin and helps Staphylococcus spp spread in a host?

leukocidin

What exotoxin kills leukocytes?

hemolysin

What exotoxin causes vasoconstriction and dermonecrosis?

coagulase

What exotoxin forms clots, which protect bacterium from phagocytosis?

leukocidin, hemolysin, coagulase

What exotoxins does Staphylococcus spp use?

species and strains

Clinical presentation and severity of Staphylococcus spp varies depending on what?

false

All strains of Staphylococcus spp produce all virulence factors possible (true or false)

progression and resolution

What do host factors play a factor in when considering virulence of Staphylococcus spp?

opsonization and phagocytosis

What host mechanisms have interplay with bacterial growth and clearance?

innate immunity

What type of immunity opsonizes Staphylococcus spp by complement and phagocytizes by neutrophils and macrophages?

humoral immunity

What type of immunity has a somewhat limited role in fighting Staphylococcus spp. - clears organisms by opsonizing with antibodies and clears toxins?

cell-mediated immunity

What type of immunity plays a role in killing intracellular staphylococcus spp by activated macrophages?

gram stains and cytology

What diagnosis methods on smears would be used to diagnose Staphylococcus spp?

surgical biopsy and histopathology

What can be done to diagnose the primary problem of a bacterial infection (Staphylococcus spp)?

primary

Staphylococcus is usually a ____________ invader

exotoxins

What does Staphylococcus produce to allow secondary invasions of other bacteria into host?

S. aureus

What Staphylococcus spp is pictured? (creamy color)

gram stain

What diagnostic technique was done to this bacteria? (s. aureus)

scanning electron micrograph

What diagnostic technique is pictured? (s. aureus)

antibiotics

What can be used to treat a bacterial skin infection of Staphylococcus spp?

address any underlying/predisposing issues

What is the first step in treating a bacterial skin infection?

Exudative Epidermitis (greasy pig disease)

What is pictured here?

Staphylococcus hyicus

What bacteria causes exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)?

sucklers and weaned pigs up to 3 mo

Who is usually affected by exudative epidermitis?

highly

How contagious is exudative epidermitis?

excessive sebaceous secretion, exfoliation and exudation on skin surface

What is exudative epidermitis in pigs characterized by?

non-pruritic dermatitis

Pigs affected by exudative epidermitis causes pigs to be anorexic, depressed, and febrile as well as have extensive __________________ with greasy exudate

under 3mo

Piglets under ____________ may die from exudative epidermitis within 24-48 hours

vaginal mucosa

Where can S. hyicus be found on healthy sows?

bite wounds or small abrasions

How does S. hyicus most likely enter the skin of young pigs?

no

Is S. hyicus able to penetrate intact skin?

production of exofoliative toxins

What is virulence of S. hyicus linked to?

cell-cell adhesion of karatinocytes

What do exofoliative toxins produced by S. hyicus reduce in the superficial epidermis?

immunity, nutrition, skin damage

What are other factors that could predispose a piglet to exudative epidermitis?

gilt litters

What type of piglet litters are more likely to have exudative epidermitis outbreaks?

S. hyicus

What Staphylococcus spp is pictured here on sheep blood agar?

hydrated lime w/ phenol disinfectant

What should you brush over concrete surfaces with to manage exudative dermatitis?

tails and teeth

Removal procedures of ______________ should be reviewed to ensure they are not leading to damage and subsequent infection

skin of the udder

What is one resevoir for S. hyicus that should be sprayed daily 3 days before and after farrowing?

iodine-based skin antiseptic

What should sow udders be sprayed with to prevent exudative dermatitis?