Bio Lab 8: Blood experiment, Blood Typing and Immune System Cells + Lab 39 Endocrine System

What is Blood?

• a type of tissue with several components

• RBCs transport oxygen throughout the body

• WBSc help fight off infections

• Plasma = matrix

• Platelets = help blood clot

Pathogen

a foreign microorganism of bacteria that can cause disease

Phagocytosis

ingestion of bacteria or other material

WBS

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

lymphocytes

monocytes

Agranulocytes

• no granules that get stained during WBC counting

• nucleus is very visible

• monocyte and lymphocyte

Monocytes

4-8%

• bean shaped

• can become macrophages which phagocytose pathogens and cell debris

Lymphocytes

• can become B and T cells which are immune cells and are part of your adaptive immunity

• 20-45%

  

Granulocytes

• have granules that get stained during WBC counting

• nucleus can be hard to see

• 2nd line of defense: Neutrophils

• neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Neutrophil

40 - 70%

• hunt pathogens and phagocytose them

• most abundant wbc

  

Eosinophil

2 lobes with specks

1-4%

• phagocytosis antigen - antibody complexes, allergens, and target parasites

  

Basophil

0-1%

• release histamines to help blood flow and recruit immune cells to the site of the infection

  

Blood Typing: Understanding A, B, and O

Blood Typing Understanding Rh Factor

• Rh factor is another antigen to look for on red blood cells

• makes the blood + or -

• Rh antigen on RBC’s: +

• Rh antigen not on RBC’s: -

Agglutination

happens when you give someone blood that contains antibodies for their blood

The Endocrine System

consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones

• secrete hormones directly into blood for distribution throughout the body

• endocrine and nervous system are intimately involved in maintaining homeostasis

• hormones can be lipid steroids or a mixture of protein / sugar / amino acid complexes

Hypothalamus controls

the pituitary gland

hypothalamus = part of the brain that helps to regulate the internal environment, it receives info on the heart beat and body temp

• to do this it controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

The Pituitary Gland has 2 parts

Pituitary gland = connected to the brain by the stalk and has 2 parts

1. anterior pituitary (secretes hormones to regulate other glands)

2. posterior pituitary (stores other hormones and secretes them when needed)

Anterior Pituitary

• controls the secretion of the following endocrine glands:

  • thyroid gland

  • adrenal

  • cortex

  • gonads

Posterior Pituitary

stores hormones from the hypothalamus

• DOES NOT produce hormones but stores and secretes the hormones produced by the hypothalamus

• Hypothalamus makes 2 hormones:

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

    • Water retention by kidneys to help prevent dehydration

  • Oxytocin

    • emotional bonding, labor contractions, etc.

Thyroid Gland

produces 2 iodine dependent hormones and one hormone involved in calcium homeostasis

• Triiodothyronine (T3 hormones)

• Thyroxine (T4) hormones

• Calcitonin hormone

  • lowers blood calcium levels

• Thyroid hormones do not have a single specific target

  • stimulate all cells of the body to metabolize faster

  • AKA thyroid hormones can increase metabolic rate

Response to Cold

• Low body temp can be regulated through increasing metabolic rate and by shivering

• if an organism cannot regulate its temp through metabolic rate, it will rely on shivering → requires more oxygen

• primary effect of the thyroid hormone is to promote heat generating metabolic reactions

Parathyroid Gland

produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

• increases blood calcium level

• also promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys

• activates vitamin D to stimulate calcium from intestine

Adrenal Gland (Cortex and Medulla)

Adrenal Glands sit atop the kidney

• each gland has an adrenal cortex and a medulla

Hypothalamus exerts control over

• adrenal medulla: controlled by nerve

impulses from the brain to control fight or

flight hormones

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

• adrenal cortex: controlled by hormones
  from the hypothalamus to control
  salt/water balance, metabolism of
  macromolecules, and a little bit of sex
  hormones

  • aldosterone, cortisol

Pancreas

Composed of two types of tissue
○ Exocrine tissue produces digestive juices that pass through ducts to the small intestine.
○ Endocrine tissue (pancreatic islets) produces and secretes insulin and glucagon directly into the blood

Insulin

• lowers blood glucose

• stimulates uptake of glucose by cells — especially liver (turns glucose to glycogen remember!), muscle, and adipose tissue cells

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose

○ Stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose and to use fat and protein instead of glucose as an energy source

VL 17 Thyroid Hormone and Temp