Genomics and Bioinformatics Lecture

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and definitions related to genomics and bioinformatics, as discussed in the lecture.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Antibiotics

Medicinal compounds that inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Epigenomics

The study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell.

Microbial communities

Populations of microorganisms that inhabit specific environments.

NCBI

National Center for Biotechnology Information; a key database for genetic information.

GenBank

A genomic database that houses a vast collection of DNA sequences.

BLAST

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; a program for comparing biological sequences.

Metagenomics

The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples.

Proteomics

The large-scale study of proteins, particularly their functions and structures.

Systems biology

An approach to biology that integrates biological data into models based on the interactions within biological systems.

Gene density

The number of genes per unit of genomic DNA.

Introns

Non-coding sections of a gene that are removed during RNA splicing.

Transposable elements (transposons)

DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome.

Hypermutation

A significant increase in the mutation rate, often allowing for rapid adaptation.

Fill in the blank (mine)

Transposable elements can lead to unequal alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes that can lead to ________ on one chromosome and _______ deletion in another

duplication; deletions

What two chimp chromosomes fused that gave rise to chromosome #2 in humans? (mine)

Chimp chromosomes 12 and 13

What does repetitive DNA mostly consist of? (mine)

transposable elements & repeated sequences

What are pseudogenes? (mine)

Nonfunctional sequences of DNA that resemble functional genes but have lost their protein-coding ability due to mutations.

nonfunctional genes

what does DNA code for from the greatest amount to the least? (mine)

protein & rRNA, tRNA

introns

introns > rRNA, tRNA & proteins

True of False (mine)

Multicellular eukaryotes have many introns w/in genes and a large amount of noncoding DNA between genes

True, multicellular eukaryotes often exhibit a complex genome structure characterized by numerous introns within coding regions and extensive noncoding DNA interspersed throughout their genetic material.

True of False (mine)

Humans and other mammals have the lowest gene density or number of genes in a given length of DNA

True, humans and other mammals generally exhibit a lower gene density compared to simpler organisms, meaning they have fewer genes per unit length of DNA due to a significant amount of noncoding regions.

True of False (mine)

Eukaryotes generally have larger genomes, but fewer genes in a given number of base pairs

True, eukaryotic organisms typically possess larger genomes than prokaryotes, yet they tend to have fewer genes per unit of DNA due to various noncoding sequences and the presence of introns.

What so the bioinformatics chips contain? What are they used for? (mine)

microarray of most human genes. They are used to study gene expression patterns in patients suffering from various cancers or other diseases

What did the cancer atlas project do? (mine)

looked for the common mutations in 3 types of cancer by comparing gene sequences and expression in cancer versus normal cells

What was done to to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae? (mine)

sophisticate techniques were used to disable pairs of genes one pair at a time, creating double mutants. computer software mapped genes to produce a network-like "functional map" of their interactions

What is systems biology? (mine)

the study of the functional integration of genes and proteins in biological systems

What is proteomics? (mine)

the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their functions and structures in biological systems. and their properties

What is a proteome? (mine)

the entire set of protiens expressed by a cell of group of cells

What the is name of the NCBI software? What does it a allow users to search? (mine)

NCBI Blast Software DNA sequences, proteins sequence and peptide chains

Fill in the blank (mine)

NCBI database of sequences is called _____.

it contains 214 million fragments of genome DNA, totaling 366 billion base pairs

GenBank

Fill in the blank (mine)

Together the National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health created the _____ Center for _____ _____

NCBI, Biotechnology Information

What are some of the benefits of metagenomics? (mine)

taxonomic identification

isolation of new enzymes

drugs of industrial imporatance

eliminating the need to grow each type of organisms in the lab

What is Metagenomics? (mine)

DNA from a group of species in an environment sample is sequenced

Describe the whole genome shotgun approach (mine)

A method for sequencing genomes where DNA is fragmented, cloned, and then sequenced in small pieces, followed by computational assembly.

what was the alternative method that J Craig Venter used to sequence the entire genome? (mine)

whole genome shotgun approach

What was the method used to complete the human genome? (mine)

dideoxy chain termination

Read

Comparing genomes among organism can provide insight into metabolism, genetics & evolution

Fill in the blank (mine)

DNA sequencing efforts have generated enormous volumes of data that has energized the field of __________, the application of computation methods to store & analyze biological data

bioinformatics

What is genomics? (mine)

is the study of whole of sets of genes and their interaction