gov judiciary

What authority allows courts to invalidate laws?

Judicial review

Which section of the Constitution establishes the judiciary?

Article III

Which Founding-era writer supported judicial independence?

Alexander Hamilton

Which case created the power to strike down laws?

Marbury v. Madison

Why do lifetime judicial appointments raise concerns?

Decisions are made without direct voter accountability

What principle means following earlier rulings?

Stare decisis

What term refers to past decisions guiding new cases?

Precedent

How can a president shape the Court over time?

Selecting new justices

What permanently reverses a Supreme Court ruling?

Constitutional amendment

What approach involves actively changing laws through rulings?

Judicial activism

Which approach avoids overturning government actions?

Judicial restraint

What documents provide outside perspectives to the Court?

Amicus curiae briefs

What name is given to the main ruling of the Court?

Majority opinion

What term describes disagreement with the ruling?

Dissenting opinion

What opinion agrees with the outcome but not reasoning?

Concurring opinion

What is a request for the Court to review a case?

Writ of certiorari

How many justices are needed to accept a case?

Four

What type of courts hear cases first?

District courts

What courts review decisions for legal errors?

Courts of appeals

What body has the final say on constitutional issues?

Supreme Court

What kind of disputes does the Supreme Court usually choose?

Cases involving constitutional questions or national importance

What limits government power over individuals?

Constitution

What amendment applies rights to the states?

Fourteenth Amendment

What part of the Constitution protects freedoms directly?

Bill of Rights

Which amendment protects expression and religion?

First Amendment

Which amendment addresses firearm possession?

Second Amendment

Which amendment guards against unreasonable searches?

Fourth Amendment

Which amendment protects against self-incrimination?

Fifth Amendment

Which amendment guarantees legal representation?

Sixth Amendment

Which amendment bans excessive punishment?

Eighth Amendment

Which amendment recognizes unlisted rights?

Ninth Amendment

Which amendment reserves powers to states?

Tenth Amendment

Which case removed organized prayer from schools?

Engel v. Vitale

Which case allowed religious exemptions from schooling laws?

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Which case protected student political expression?

Tinker v. Des Moines

What rule allows regulation of when and where expression occurs?

Time, place, and manner restrictions

What standard determines when speech becomes dangerous?

Clear and present danger

Which case established that standard of “clear and present danger speech”

Schenck v. United States

What term describes blocking expression before publication?

Prior restraint

Which case protected press from government censorship?

New York Times Co. v. United States

What rule prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used?

Exclusionary rule

Which case applied that rule to the states?

Mapp v. Ohio

What requirement ensures suspects are informed of rights?

Miranda rule

Which case created that requirement Miranda rule?

Miranda v. Arizona

What ensures legal counsel for defendants who cannot afford it?

Right to an attorney- 6th amendment

Which case required states to provide lawyers?

Gideon v. Wainwright

Which case temporarily halted executions?

Furman v. Georgia

Which case protected individuals with intellectual disabilities?

Atkins v. Virginia

Which case protected juvenile offenders?

Roper v. Simmons

What doctrine applies federal rights to state governments?

Selective incorporation

Which clause is used to apply those rights during selective incorporation?

Due process clause

Which case limited the Bill of Rights to the national government?

Barron v. Baltimore

Which case began applying rights to the states?

Gitlow v. New York

Which case extended gun rights to state laws?

McDonald v. Chicago

What concept requires fair legal procedures before punishment?

Due process

Which case allowed access to birth control?

Griswold v. Connecticut

Which case originally protected abortion rights nationwide?

Roe v. Wade

Which case returned abortion regulation to state governments?

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

What clause ensures equal treatment under the law?

Equal protection clause

What movement challenged racial segregation laws?

Civil rights movement

What document justified nonviolent resistance to injustice?

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

What movement focused on gender equality?

Women’s rights movement

What movement expanded protections for LGBTQ individuals?

LGBTQ rights movement

What is the lowest standard of judicial review?

Rational basis

What standard is used for gender discrimination cases?

Intermediate scrutiny

What is the most demanding level of judicial review?

Strict scrutiny