Ap bio Midterm

model system

A system with convenient characteristics that is used to study a specific biological phenomenon to gain understanding to be applied to other systems

Blending Theory of Inheritance

original parents offspring were lost or absorbed by blending of the offspring

continuous variation

action of many genes to determine characteristics

Hybridization

mating two true-breeding individuals that have different characteristics

Trait

variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristics

probalbility

time event occurred / total number of individuals

Theoretical Probability

times event is expected / number of times it could occur

Product rule

probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by more than one pathway. Probability of the occurrence of one event of two mutually exclusive events is the sim of their individual probability

Sum rule

applied when considering two mutually exclusive outcomes that can come about by more than one pathway. Probability of the occurrence of one event of two mutually exclusive events is the sum of their individual probability

Phenotype

observed traits

Genotype

genetic makeup

Homozygous

2 identical alleles

Heterozygous

two different alleles

Codominance

where both alleles for the same characteristics are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote

Female Allele

XX

Male Allele

XY

X-linked

a gene expressed on X chromosome

Mendel's Law of Dominance

in heterozygote one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic

Law od Segregation

paired unit factors must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor

law of independent assortment

Genes do not influence each other with regards to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur

dihybrid cross

used to show two breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics

Epistasis

interactions between genes is antagonistic, one gene makes or interferes with the expression of another both benefiting

Ecosystem Ecology

is an extension of organismal, population, and community ecology

population

interbreeding organisms

biological community

consist of different species within an area

Heterospecific

interactions between various species for limited resources

Mutualism

form of long term relationships that have coevolved between two species

Biogeography

is the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors

Endemic species

is an organism that is naturally found only in a specific geographical area

Ocean upwelling

is the rising of deep ocean water

Thermocline

layers of water with temperatures that are significantly different from those above and below

Categorizes of biomes

terrestrial (land) and aquatic

Epiphytes

plants that grow on other plants

Chaparral

scrub forest and found in California

boreal forest

Dense forest of evergreens located in the upper regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Milankovitch

describes the effects of slight changes in the earth's orbit on earth's climate

solar intensity

is the amount of solar power or energy or energy the sun emits in a given amount of time

Haze-effect cooling

a global phenomenon that occurs when dust, ash, or other suspected particles, trigger lower global temperatures

Clathrates

frozen chunks of ice and methane found at the bottom of the ocean

Permian extinction

occurred about 251 million years ago, 84% of marine species went extinct

Population density

the number of individuals within a specific area or volume

Species dispersion patterns

spatial relationships between members of a population within an habitat at a particular point in time

age structure

proportion of a population at a specific age range

Mortality rate

number of individuals dying / numbers of individuals surviving x 100

Survival curve

graph of the number of individuals surviving

energy budget

balance energy intake with their use of energy

Fecundity

is the potential reproductive capability for an individual within a population

Semelparity

when a species reproduces only once during a lifespan and then dies

Iteroparity

species that reproduces repeatedly during their lives

Population growth rate

the number of organisms added in each reproductive generation, change in number / change in time \= birth rate - death rate

Zero population growth

population size is unchanging

biotic potential

maximum growth rate for a species

Logistic growth

to model limited resources

intraspecific competition

resulting competition between population members of the same species for resources

density dependent

density of the population at a given time affecting growth rate and mortality

density indépendant

influence mortality in a population regardless of population density

Biotic

nature

K-selected species

species selected by stable, predictable environments

r-selected species

have a large number of small offspring, spatial relationships between members of a population within an habitat at a particular point in time

demographic-based models

theory the age specific mortality of the populations which scientists now know it very important

aposematic coloration

Bright warning colors in animals with a chemical defense.

Batesian mimicry

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

Mullerian mimicry

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry

type of mimicry where a harmful species resembles a less harmful one

competitive exclusion principle

Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time

Symbioses

close interactions between species that have evolved over long periods of time

commensal

describes an organism that lives symbiotically with a host; this host neither benefits nor suffers from the association

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

parasite

An organism that feeds on a living host

foundation species

Cause physical changes in environment that affect community structure.

species richness

the number of different species in a community

island biogeography

The study of rates of colonization and extinction of species on islands or other isolated areas based on size, shape, and distance from other inhabited regions

relative species abundance

the number of individuals in a species relative to the total number of individuals in all species within a habitat, ecosystem, or biome.

keytone species

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

primary succession

newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time

secondary succession

part of an ecosystem is disturbed and remnants of the previous community remain

pioneer species

make a new land usable for organisms

Resistance

is the ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium

resilience

speed at which an ecosystem recovers

3 ways energy is acquired

photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and consumption and digestion of living material

Gross primary producers

the rate photosynthetic primary gross producers incorporate energy from the sun

Net primary productivity

is the energy that remains in the primary producers after accounting for the organisms respiration and loss of heat

biochemical cycle

recycling of inorganic mater between living organisms and their environment

Hydrosphere

area of earth where water movement and storage occurs

Residence time

measure of the average time an individual water molecule stays in a particular reservoir

Stages of water cycle

* evaporation/ sublimation
* streamflow
* condensation/ precipitation
* surface runoff/ snowmelt

how do autotrophs use carbon

to build multi carbon and high energy carbon such as glucose

Eutrophication

nutrient runoff causes excess growth of microorganisms where large areas are depleted of their normal flora and fauna

4 major ways sulfur is deposited

precipitation, direct fallout from atmosphere, rock weathering, and geothermal vents

Platos idea

species are static, unchanging

Buffon idea

introduced ideas of evolution

James hutton

geological change occurred gradually by accumulation small changes

natural selection

survival of the fittest

variation

differences among individuals in a population

Where does genetic diversity come from?

mutation and sexual reproduction

Adaption

helps an organism survival rate

Divergent evolution

two species that evolve in diverse directions from a common point

Convergent evolution

where similar traits evolve independently in species that do not share a recent common ancestor (Bats and insects)

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

vestigial structures

remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.