unit 7 biolab: angiosperms

What are angiosperms?

Angiosperms are flowering plants that have evolved to dominate most terrestrial ecosystems.

How many species of angiosperms exist?

There are more than 300,000 species of angiosperms.

What period did angiosperms first appear?

Angiosperms first appeared during the early Jurassic period.

What two novel reproductive structures do angiosperms have?

Flowers and fruits.

What is the function of a flower?

To facilitate pollination and fertilization.

How do flowers attract pollinators?

Through vivid colors, patterns, and scents.

What is the role of fruit in angiosperms?

Fruit protects seeds and aids in their dispersal.

What are sepals?

Sepals are modified leaves that enclose the unopened floral bud.

What is the calyx?

The calyx is the collective term for the whorl of sepals.

What is the corolla?

The corolla is the collective term for the petals of a flower.

What structures make up the female reproductive unit of a flower?

One or more carpels, which include stigma, style, and ovary.

What is the function of the stigma?

The stigma is where pollen is deposited.

What is the role of the style in a flower?

The style connects the stigma to the ovary.

What does the ovary contain?

The ovary houses one or more ovules.

What are stamens?

Stamens are the male reproductive structures, consisting of a filament and anther.

What is produced in the anther?

Microspores that develop into haploid pollen grains.

What is a pistil?

A pistil is formed from multiple fused carpels.

What is perianth?

Perianth is the collective term for sepals and petals.

What adaptations do flowers have for pollination?

Colors, patterns, and scents that attract specific pollinators.

What is the significance of the ultraviolet range for flowers?

Some patterns are visible only in the ultraviolet range, which can be seen by certain pollinators.

What is the function of sweet scents in flowers?

Sweet scents attract bees, butterflies, and moths.

What types of scents might attract flies and beetles?

Scents that signal fermentation or putrefaction.

What are the reproductive organs of a flower?

The female carpel and male stamen.

What is the relationship between angiosperms and pollinators?

Angiosperms have coevolved with pollinators to enhance reproduction.

What is the importance of seed dispersal in angiosperms?

Seed dispersal strategies help spread seeds to new locations for growth.

What are some adaptations of fruit for seed dispersal?

Sweet flesh, wings, parachutes, or spines.

What is the main purpose of flower dissection in biology?

To study and label the various structures and functions of flowers.

What is the purpose of the Pollen Identification sheet?

To predict which plant each pollen grain came from.

What is the first step in creating a pollen wet mount?

Place a small amount of water on a slide.

What should be observed after dragging a mature stamen through water?

The water should appear yellow/brown/cloudy.

What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants?

Monoecious plants have both male and female structures on the same plant, while dioecious plants have male and female structures on separate plants.

In the context of gymnosperms, what does monoecious mean?

It means that a single tree produces both male and female cones.

What type of plant is described in Scenario 1 where each plant produces separate male and female flowers?

Monoecious.

In Scenario 2, why do some trees produce fruits while others do not?

The fruit-producing trees receive pollen from nearby trees that do not produce fruits.

What type of plant is described in Scenario 3 with tassels and ears on the same plant?

Monoecious.

In Scenario 4, why must male holly shrubs be planted nearby?

To provide pollen for fertilization of female plants.

What type of plant is described in Scenario 5 that produces only pollen or ovule flowers?

Dioecious.

What type of plant is described in Scenario 6 with both stamens and pistils on the same plant?

Monoecious.

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen from one flower to another.

What event occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma?

Pollination.

What is fertilization in plants?

The fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus.

What happens when a pollen tube grows down the style?

It is part of the fertilization process.

What is the role of one sperm fusing with two polar nuclei?

To form endosperm in the seed.

What forms the fruit as the seed develops?

The walls of the ovary thicken.

What are some examples of fleshy fruits?

Berries, peaches, apples, grapes, and tomatoes.

What are dry fruits?

Fruits like rice, wheat, and nuts that do not have a fleshy exterior.

What are accessory fruits?

Fruits that develop largely from the receptacle rather than the ovary, such as strawberries.

What is the botanical name for winged maple seeds?

Samara.

How do fruits aid in seed dispersal?

They attract herbivores or have structures to cling to animals.

What are the three parts of eudicot seeds?

Seed coat (2n), food supply (3n), and embryo (2n).

What is the significance of double fertilization in angiosperms?

It leads to the formation of triploid endosperm as a food source.

What is the process of double fertilization in angiosperms?

One sperm fuses with two polar nuclei, resulting in a triploid (3n) endosperm.

What is the function of the endosperm in angiosperm seeds?

The endosperm stores carbohydrates and other nutrients for developing embryos.

What happens to the endosperm in some plant species after seed maturation?

The embryo's cotyledons may absorb nutrients from the endosperm, leading to little or no endosperm in the mature seed.

What are eudicot seeds characterized by?

Eudicot seeds contain two cotyledons.

What role do cotyledons play in eudicot seeds?

Cotyledons store nutrients that nourish the seedling during germination.

What is a distinguishing feature of monocot seeds?

Monocot seeds produce a single cotyledon and retain their endosperm during development.

How can the presence of carbohydrates such as starch be tested in seeds?

By adding iodine, which turns dark black in the presence of starch.

What is the first step in examining a peanut seed?

Carefully remove the pericarp (dry shell).

What is the purpose of adding iodine to a corn seed during examination?

To observe which parts of the corn seed contain starch.

What are the various methods of seed dispersal?

Wind dispersal, ingestion by animals, adherence to hair or fur, waterborne, forceful discharge, and burial by animals.

What are the main characteristics of monocots?

One cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular tissue, and flower parts in multiples of three.

What are the main characteristics of eudicots?

Two cotyledons, network leaf veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.

What type of root system do eudicots typically have?

A tap root with many lateral roots.

What type of root system do monocots typically have?

A network of fibrous roots.

How many openings does monocot pollen have?

One opening.

How many openings does eudicot pollen have?

Three openings.

What is the common name for corn kernels?

Caryopses, as the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall.

What are some examples of eudicot plants?

Cabbage, beans, and peaches.

What are some examples of monocot plants?

Rice, wheat, and bananas.

What should be observed when splitting a peanut seed?

The cotyledons and embryo, including the first leaf and embryonic root (radicle).

What is the significance of the vascular tissue arrangement in monocots?

It is scattered throughout the stem.

What is the significance of the vascular tissue arrangement in eudicots?

It is arranged in a ring pattern in the stem.

What happens to seeds during dormancy?

They dehydrate and lose most of their water.

What is the role of the seed coat?

To protect the seed and its contents.

What is the embryonic root of a seed called?

Radicle.