AP Gov Topic 3&4 quiz

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause; Necessary and Proper clause & Supremacy Clause; Unanimous for McCulloch

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Commerce clause of Constitution does not give Congress the power to regulate guns near state-operated schools

Schenck v. US (1919)

Allows limits to speech based on the "clear and present danger" principle; Freedom of Speech; Unanimous for U.S.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Guaranteed a student's right to protest (wearing armbands), as long as the speech does not disrupt educational processes.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

The Court ruled that Wisconsin could not require Amish parents to send their children to public school beyond the eighth grade because it would violate long-held religious beliefs; Freedom of Religion Free Exercise Clause; 7-0 Yoder.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay, all citizens are granted a lawyer at request; Unanimous for Gideon

New York Times Co. U.S. (1971)

The Court reaffirmed its position of prior restraint, refusing to stop the publication of the Pentagon Papers. The question before the court was about publish work, it was tied into the freedom of press.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

The 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one's home is fully applicable to the states through the 14th Amendment. Chicago's ban on handguns was found to be unconstitutional and this case incorporated the 2nd Amendment; 5-4 for McDonald

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Ruled that separation of the races in public schools is unconstitutional under the equal Protection Clause; reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson decision "separate but equal".

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Citizenship Clause

all persons born or naturalized in the US and subject to jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the US and of the state wherein they reside

Civil Liberties

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

double jeopardy

Trial or punishment for the same crime by the same government; forbidden by the Constitution.

Due Process Clause

14th amendment clause stating that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

Equal Protection Clause

14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

Establishment Clause

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.

Exclusionary Clause

any evidence not obtained legally cannot be used in a trial

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States

Free Exercise Clause

A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.

Miranda rule/rights

warning given by police to criminal suspects in police custody before they are interrogated to preserve the admissibility of their statements against them in criminal proceedings

Selective incorporation

the process by which the U.S. Supreme Court has applied provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states, one case at a time, through the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause

wall of separation (between church and state)

A phrase coined by Thomas Jefferson in an 1802 letter, which described his view that there should be complete separation between the government and religion.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Title IX of the Education Act of 1972

Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

affirmative action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

civil rights

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

de facto segregation

segregation by unwritten custom or tradition, not by law but by natural precedent.

de jure segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

Miranda Rule