Unit 4 Quest Vocab

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

secularism

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

Medici family

A family, made wealthy by starting a banking industry in Florence, who were major patrons to the arts during the renaissance.

Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Niccolo Machiavelli

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

Michelangelo

Painted the Sistine Chapel

Donatello

Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Botticelli

One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus

Brunelleschi

Dome of Florence Cathedral

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Van Eyck, Jan

An important painter of the Northern Renaissance. He is credited with the first use of the oil glazing technique of painting. He is also known for the great detail in his work. His most famous work was the Arnolfini Wedding.

Shakespeare, William

(1564-1616) English poet and playwright. He wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613. His plays reflect the ideas of individualism and the unconquerable human spirit, and most of them are still performed today.

Dürer, Albrecht

German painter, engraver, and theoretician; he combined Italian Renaissance techniques of realism and perspective with elements unique to the northern Renaissance, such as the use of oils in his painting.

moveable type

Individual characters made of wood or metal that can be arranged to create a job for printing and then used over again

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)

Gutenberg, Johann

German goldsmith and printer of Mainz, Germany. Developed movable type (although it had been invented in China and Korea) his printing press printed the bible.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

usury

the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

theology

the study of religion and God

pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

simony

the buying and selling of church offices

nepotism

favoritism to relatives

salvation by faith

Primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation. Luther believed that humans were not saved by their good works but through faith

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Catholic Counter Reformation

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

Society of Jesus

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

Philip II

Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his death or murder. He was succeeded by his son Alexander.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

market systems

systems in which individuals control production of goods and distribution of resources

joint-stock company

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

commerce

the buying and selling of goods and services

demographics

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Inductive Method

a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Bureaucratic monarchy

A monarchy with various offices to collect taxes, keep order, and enforce laws.

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

Hapsburg Family

Controlled Austria, Hungary, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. They stayed in power over 700 years (until WW1)

Enlightened despot

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Aztecs (where and when)

Incas (where and when)

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Hernan Cortez

A Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring

mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Encomiendas

Land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Council of Indies

Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies.

Viceroyalties

The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.

Mita labor system

(INCA) A system of mandatory public service in the Inca Empire, in which men from the ages of 15 to 50 periodically provided agricultural and other types of labor, like construction, as a tribute to the government.

Indigenous

originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.

Hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

Potosi

City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.

Tenochitilan

The capital city of the Aztec sitting directly over what is now Mexico city

Central America

A group of seven countries located south of Mexico and north of South America

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

South America

continent