Genetics and Inheritance Patterns

These flashcards cover key concepts in genetics and inheritance patterns including probabilities, expected ratios, and phenotypic/genotypic outcomes.

A type of flower is striped red and white when it is heterozygous for red and white color.
 
What percent of the offspring of two of these striped flowers will be solid white?

25%

What is the expected number of pink flowers from a cross between pink and red flowers?

50

What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for a PpRr × PpRr cross?

9:3:3:1

rr = red flowers, ww = white center in flowers
 
Which percentage of the offspring will have red flowers with white centers if the parents are RrWw and RrWw?

6.25%

What will the genotype of all offspring be in a DDRR × ddrr cross?

DdRr

What are the phenotypic ratios for AaBb × aabb in a polygenic flower color system?

1/4 (+2) : 2/4 (+1) : 1/4 (+0)

What is the estimated height addition for AaBbCCdd in an additive height model?

16 cm

Which genotype results in a short plant if dominant A = tall and B determines height?

aabb

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a cross between heterozygous individuals with complete dominance?

3:1

What is the genotype of offspring from a homozygous dominant × homozygous recessive cross?

All heterozygous

What is the probability of having a homozygous recessive child from two heterozygous parents?

25%

What phenotype results from crossing two heterozygotes in codominance?

Both traits expressed

What is the expected blood type ratio from genotypes IAIB × ii?

1/2 type A : 1/2 type B

What is the probability of inheriting a recessive genetic disorder if both parents are carriers?

25%

What is the expected genotype ratio from a monohybrid cross?

1:2:1

What is the phenotype of a heterozygote in incomplete dominance?

Intermediate between parents

What is the probability of producing a homozygous dominant offspring from two heterozygous parents?

25%

What is the expected ratio of offspring from a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1

What is the genotype of offspring from a test cross with a heterozygote and homozygous recessive?

1:1 heterozygote : homozygous recessive

What is the probability that two carriers of a recessive allele will have a child who is also a carrier?

50%

What is the expected phenotype ratio from a cross of AaBb individuals?

9:3:3:1

What is the probability that a child will inherit a dominant trait if one parent is homozygous dominant?

100%

What is the expected genotype ratio from a cross of two heterozygous individuals for two genes?

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

What is the probability that a child will inherit two recessive alleles from two heterozygous parents?

25%

What is the expected phenotype ratio from a cross of AaBb individuals with linked genes?

Depends on recombination frequency

What is the probability that a child will inherit a sex-linked recessive trait from a carrier mother and normal father?

25%

What is the expected genotype ratio from a cross of homozygous dominant and heterozygote?

1:1

What is the probability that a child will inherit a dominant trait from two heterozygous parents?

75%

What is the expected phenotype ratio from AaBbCc cross?

27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1

What is the probability of inheriting a recessive trait from a homozygous recessive and heterozygous parent?

50%

What is the expected genotype ratio from AaBbCcDd cross?

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

What is the probability of a child inheriting a dominant trait from a homozygous dominant and heterozygous parent?

100%

What is the expected phenotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEe cross?

Complex, depends on gene interactions

What is the probability of inheriting a recessive trait from two heterozygous parents for five genes?

1/32

What is the expected genotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEe cross?

243 possible genotypes

What is the probability that a child will inherit a dominant trait from two homozygous dominant parents?

100%

What is the expected phenotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFf cross?

Very complex, depends on gene interactions

What is the probability of inheriting a recessive trait from two heterozygous parents for six genes?

1/64

What is the expected genotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFf cross?

729 possible genotypes

What is the probability that a child will inherit a dominant trait from homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parent?

100%

What is the expected phenotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFfGg cross?

Extremely complex, depends on gene interactions

What is the probability of inheriting a recessive trait from two heterozygous parents for seven genes?

1/128

What is the expected genotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFfGg cross?

2187 possible genotypes

What is the probability of inheriting a dominant trait from two heterozygous parents for seven genes?

127/128

What is the expected phenotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHh cross?

Incredibly complex, depends on gene interactions

What is the probability that a child will inherit a recessive trait from two heterozygous parents for eight genes?

1/256

What is the expected genotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHh cross?

6561 possible genotypes

What is the probability that a child will inherit a dominant trait from two heterozygous parents for eight genes?

255/256

What is the expected phenotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIi cross?

Astronomically complex, depends on gene interactions

What is the probability that a child will inherit a recessive trait from two heterozygous parents for nine genes?

1/512

What is the expected genotype ratio from two AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIi individuals?

19683 possible genotypes

What is the probability that a child will inherit a dominant trait from two heterozygous parents for nine genes?

511/512

What is the expected phenotype ratio from two AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJj individuals?

Beyond practical calculation, depends on gene interactions

What is the probability that a child will inherit a recessive trait from two heterozygous parents for ten genes?

1/1024

What is the expected genotype ratio from AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJj cross?

59049 possible genotypes

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?

Metaphase I

What does the process of meiosis result in?

A reduction in the chromosome number

In which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated?

Anaphase II

Which mode of inheritance describes a condition that exclusively affects males?

Y-linked

A man with disease X and a woman without disease X have five sons and five daughters. All daughters inherit the disease, none of the sons do. Which mode of inheritance?

X-linked dominant

In a hypothetical species of sheep, white is dominant. Cross a white ram with a black ewe (both homozygous). What offspring?

White offspring only