MGMT 102 - Midterm Review Questions

_____ is a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations.

A. Organizational behavior

B. Strategic management

C. Economic research

D. Operations management

E. Financial management

A. Organizational behavior

Which of the following takes the theories and principles studied in OB and explores the applications of those principles in organizations?

A. Human resource management

B. Strategic management

C. Economic research

D. Operations management

E. Financial management

A. Human resource management

Which of the following focuses on the product choices and industry characteristics that affect an organization's profitability?

A. Organizational behavior

B. Process management

C. Operations management

D. Strategic management

E. Human resource management

D. Strategic management

When a firm expands into a new product segment, it is known as _____.

A. product recall

B. product diversification

C. monopolization

D. cartelization

E. product divestment

B. product diversification

OB research on job performance and individual characteristics draws primarily from studies in _____.

A. industrial and organizational psychology

B. social relations

C. marketing management

D. sales management

E. economic relations

A. industrial and organizational psychology

OB primarily uses _______ models to understand motivation, learning, and decision making.

A. marketing

B. economic

C. labor union

D. strategic

E. cultural

B. economic

Which of the following is a primary individual outcome of interest to organizational behavior researchers according to the integrative model?

A. Job performance

B. Culture

C. Team processes

D. Personality

E. Stress

A. Job performance

Which of the following is a primary individual outcome according to the integrative model?

A. Job satisfaction

B. Culture

C. Team processes

D. Personality

E. Organizational commitment

E. Organizational commitment

According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, motivation, trust, justice, and ethics are _____.

A. individual mechanisms

B. organizational mechanisms

C. group mechanisms

D. individual outcomes

E. group outcomes

A. individual mechanisms

According to the integrative model, job satisfaction is a(n) ______.

A. individual outcome

B. organizational mechanism

C. group mechanism

D. individual mechanism

E. group outcome

D. individual mechanism

Which of the following reflect(s) the degree to which employees feel that their company does business with fairness, honesty, and integrity?

A. Job satisfaction

B. Trust, justice, and ethics

C. Team processes

D. Personality and ability

E. Motivation

B. Trust, justice, and ethics

Which of the following considers employees' psychological responses to job demands that tax or exceed their capabilities?

A. Job satisfaction

B. Ability

C. Job performance

D. Leadership style

E. Stress

E. Stress

Which of these individual mechanisms captures the energetic forces that drive employees' work efforts?

A. Motivation

B. Ability

C. Job performance

D. Personality

E. Stress

A. Motivation

As employees gain experience, they obtain job knowledge and use this knowledge to make accurate judgments on the job. Which individual mechanism is referred to in this statement?

A. Team processes

B. Trust, justice, and ethics

C. Learning and decision making

D. Personality and ability

E. Motivation

C. Learning and decision making

Which of the following individual characteristics illustrated in the integrative model of OB reflect the various traits and tendencies that describe how people act, with commonly studied traits including extraversion, conscientiousness, and collectivism?

A. Trust, justice, and ethics

B. Personality and cultural values

C. Job performance and organizational commitment

D. Learning and decision making

E. Organizational structure and organizational culture

B. Personality and cultural values

In the integrative model, ability, which includes cognitive abilities, emotional skills, and physical abilities, is classified as a(n) _____.

A. individual outcome

B. organizational mechanism

C. individual characteristic

D. individual mechanism

E. group outcome

C. individual characteristic

Which of the following is an example of a group mechanism?

A. Team characteristics and diversity

B. Motivation

C. Trust, justice, and ethics

D. Organizational commitment

E. Ability

A. Team characteristics and diversity

Which of the following group mechanisms summarize how individuals attain authority over others?

A. Leader cultural values

B. Leader personality

C. Leader styles and behaviors

D. Leader responsibilities

E. Leader power and negotiation

E. Leader power and negotiation

Which of the following capture(s) the specific actions that leaders take to influence others at work?

A. Leader styles and behaviors

B. Leader cultural values

C. Leader personality

D. Leader influence and negotiation

E. Leader power

A. Leader styles and behaviors

Which organizational mechanism illustrated by the integrative model dictates how the units within the firm link to other units?

A. Organizational culture

B. Organizational ability

C. Organization size

D. Organizational structure

E. Organizational leadership

D. Organizational structure

Which organizational mechanism illustrated by the integrative model captures "the way things are" in an organization?

A. Organizational structure

B. Organizational ability

C. Organizational leadership

D. Organizational performance

E. Organizational culture

E. Organizational culture

Which organizational mechanism illustrated by the integrative model captures shared knowledge about the rules, norms, and values that shape employee attitudes and behaviors?

A. Organizational structure

B. Organizational ability

C. Organizational culture

D. Job satisfaction

E. Organizational leadership

C. Organizational culture

Which of the following statements about the resource-based view of organizations is false?

A. It suggests that resources are valuable because they are rare.

B. It describes what makes resources capable of creating long-term profits for the firm.

C. It suggests that inimitable resources are of greater value to an organization.

D. A firm's resources include resources related to organizational behavior.

E. It suggests that the value of resources depends on a single factor.

E. It suggests that the value of resources depends on a single factor.

The resource-based view suggests that a resource is more valuable when it is _____.

A. complex

B. technologically advanced

C. socially complex

D. rare

E. simple

D. rare

The resource-based view suggests that a resource is more valuable when it is _____.

A. complex

B. simple

C. inimitable

D. expensive

E. new

C. inimitable

Culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation are examples of _____.

A. socially complex resources

B. easy-to-develop resources

C. natural structures

D. evidence-based resources

E. associative structures

A. socially complex resources

Culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation are termed "_____" because it's not always clear how they came to develop, though it is clear which organizations do possess them.

A. socially complex

B. vague

C. natural structures

D. evidence-based resources

E. associative structures

A. socially complex

According to the Rule of One-Eighth,

A. at least 88 percent of organizations will do everything necessary to put people first and thereby build profits.

B. at best 12 percent of organizations will actually do what is required to build profits by putting people first.

C. 75 percent of organizations won't believe the connection between how they manage their people and the profits they earn.

D. 38 percent of the organizations try to make a single change to solve their problems.

E. one in eight organizations miserably fails at making the people to profit connection.

B. at best 12 percent of organizations will actually do what is required to build profits by putting people first.

Which of the following methods suggests that people hold firmly to some belief because it is consistent with their own experience and observations?

A. Method of intuition

B. Method of authority

C. Method of science

D. Method of experience

E. Method of behavior

D. Method of experience

Which of the following methods suggests that people hold firmly to some belief because it "just stands to reason"—it seems obvious or self-evident?

A. Method of intuition

B. Method of authority

C. Method of science

D. Method of experience

E. Method of behavior

A. Method of intuition

Which of the following methods suggests that people hold firmly to some belief because some respected official, agency, or source has said it is so?

A. Method of intuition

B. Method of authority

C. Method of science

D. Method of experience

E. Method of behavior

B. Method of authority

Frank, an HR manager, believes that his implementation of HR practices in the company is impeccable, because he received the inputs for these practices from the CEO himself. Which of the following philosophies is he relying on?

A. Method of intuition

B. Method of behavior

C. Method of science

D. Method of experience

E. Method of authority

E. Method of authority

Which of the following methods suggests that people accept some belief because scientific studies have tended to replicate that result using a series of samples, settings, and methods?

A. Method of intuition

B. Method of authority

C. Method of science

D. Method of experience

E. Method of behavior

C. Method of science

Donna believes that 360 degree performance review is ideal for her company because she recently read about a major survey of Fortune 100 companies that highlighted the effectiveness of this method. Which of the following philosophies is she relying on?

A. Method of intuition

B. Method of performance

C. Method of behavior

D. Method of reliability

E. Method of science

E. Method of science

_____ is defined as a collection of assertions that specify how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should and should not be related.

A. Hypothesis

B. Information

C. Paradigm

D. Data

E. Theory

E. Theory

The scientific method begins with _____.

A. auditing

B. hypotheses

C. theory

D. verification

E. paradigm

C. theory

The scientific method requires that theories be used to inspire _____.

A. auditing

B. hypotheses

C. experience

D. verification

E. intuition

B. hypotheses

_______ are written predictions that specify relations between variables.

A. Hypotheses

B. Verifications

C. Theories

D. Data

E. Collections

A. Hypotheses

_______ summarize the statistical relationships between variables.

A. Datasets

B. Correlations

C. Observations

D. Collections

E. Consolidations

B. Correlations

Which of the following explains the term causal inferences?

A. Proving that two variables are correlated.

B. Making sure the sample size is adequate enough.

C. Explaining why one variable is not correlated to another.

D. Analyzing a situation and understanding what went wrong.

E. Establishing that one variable really does cause another.

E. Establishing that one variable really does cause another.

Which of these is one of the conditions necessary to establish causal inferences?

A. The presumed cause succeeds the presumed effect in time.

B. Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation.

C. Factors other than the variables in question could create causation.

D. The two variables are correlated.

E. The sample size is large enough.

D. The two variables are correlated.

Which of these is one of the conditions necessary to establish causal inferences?

A. The two variables are not correlated.

B. Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation.

C. The presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time.

D. The study was conducted in an open environment.

E. The sample size is large enough.

C. The presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time.

Which of these is one of the conditions necessary to establish causal inferences?

A. The study was conducted in an open environment.

B. No alternative explanation exists for the correlation.

C. The presumed effect precedes the presumed cause in time.

D. The two variables are not correlated.

E. The sample size is large enough.

B. No alternative explanation exists for the correlation.

Which of these takes all the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average of them?

A. Alpha analysis

B. Gamma analysis

C. Meta-analysis

D. Causal analysis

E. Beta analysis

C. Meta-analysis

Chapter 2

The value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal accomplishment is known as _____.

job performance

_____ includes employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces.

A. Task performance

B. Citizenship behavior

C. Counterproductive behavior

D. Job orientation

E. Organizational commitment

A. Task performance

The explicit obligations that an employee must fulfill to receive compensation and continued employment are referred to as _____.

A. job orientation

B. citizenship behavior

C. organizational commitment

D. task performance

E. counterproductive behavior

D. task performance

Charles finds an advertisement for an accountant's position at a local office. The advertisement mentions preparing, examining, and analyzing accounting records for accuracy and completeness as job responsibilities of the accountant's position. These job descriptions typically refer to:

A. comprehension skills.

B. task performance.

C. counterproductive behavior.

D. citizenship behaviors.

E. organizational commitment.

B. task performance.

_____ involves well-known responses to normal job demands that occur in a predictable way.

A. Job enhancement

B. Adaptive task performance

C. Counterproductive behavior

D. Routine task performance

E. Citizenship behavior

D. Routine task performance

Paul, a ticket collector, performs his duty robotically every day. This refers to: _____.

A. sportsmanship

B. adaptive task performance

C. routine task performance

D. counterproductive behavior

E. citizenship behavior

C. routine task performance

_____ involves employee responses to job demands that are novel, unusual, or unpredictable.

A. Job dissonance

B. Adaptive task performance

C. Counterproductive behavior

D. Routine task performance

E. Citizenship behavior

B. Adaptive task performance

For a kindergarten teacher, assisting her students out of a smoke-filled elementary school is an example of _____.

A. citizenship behavior

B. routine task performance

C. job dissonance

D. counterproductive behavior

E. adaptive task performance

E. adaptive task performance

Which of the following behaviors involved in adaptability deals with anticipating change in the work demands and searching for and participating in assignments or training to prepare for these changes?

A. Handling work stress

B. Solving problems creatively

C. Dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations

D. Learning work tasks, technologies, and work situations

E. Demonstrating interpersonal adaptability

D. Learning work tasks, technologies, and work situations

Riya has become famous creating new styles in women's formal wear. Her assistants copy the patterns created by her, cut cloth pieces and sew them into garments that look like her creations. The work done by Riya is a type of _____ whereas the work done by her assistants is a type of _____.

A. routine task performance; creative task performance

B. creative task performance; counterproductive behavior

C. citizenship behavior; counterproductive behavior

D. counterproductive behavior; creative task performance

E. creative task performance; routine task performance

E. creative task performance; routine task performance

Which of the following is wrong about job analysis?

A. The first step in job analysis is to generate a list of all job activities.

B. A subject matter expert is consulted regarding the frequency and importance of all job activities.

C. A list of all job activities is generated using various sources of data such as surveys, employee interviews, and observations.

D. Activities with the lowest ratings are used to define job responsibilities.

E. Job analysis is used by many organizations to identify task performance behaviors.

D. Activities with the lowest ratings are used to define job responsibilities.

Which of the following statements about the O*NET is false?

A. It captures the "numerous small decisions" that separate the most effective organizations from their competitors.

B. It is an online database.

C. It is involved in figuring out the important tasks for a given job.

D. It includes the characteristics of most jobs in terms of tasks.

E. It includes the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform a task.

A. It captures the "numerous small decisions" that separate the most effective organizations from their competitors.

_____ is defined as voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes place.

A. Creative task performance

B. Adaptive task performance

C. Counterproductive behavior

D. Citizenship behavior

E. Routine task performance

D. Citizenship behavior

Citizenship behaviors can be divided into the two main categories of:

A. intrapersonal and organizational.

B. interpersonal and intrapersonal.

C. organizational and political.

D. interpersonal and political.

E. interpersonal and organizational.

E. interpersonal and organizational.

Which of the following behaviors benefits coworkers and colleagues and involves assisting, supporting, and developing other organizational members in a way that goes beyond normal job expectations?

A. Intrapersonal citizenship behavior

B. Interpersonal citizenship behavior

C. Organizational citizenship behavior

D. Production citizenship behavior

E. Political citizenship behavior

B. Interpersonal citizenship behavior

Interpersonal citizenship behaviors consist of all the following EXCEPT:

A. helping.

B. courtesy.

C. sportsmanship.

D. boosterism.

E. respect for others.

D. boosterism.

Don always maintains a good attitude with coworkers even when the department goes through tough times. Don's behavior is an example of:

A. helping.

B. courtesy.

C. sportsmanship.

D. civic virtue.

E. boosterism.

C. sportsmanship.

Which of the following is false about interpersonal behavior?

A. A team whose members have good interpersonal behavior is likely to have a positive team atmosphere.

B. Interpersonal behavior is most important when employees work in small groups.

C. Interpersonal behavior is most important when employees work in large groups.

D. Behaviors that commonly fall under the "teamwork" heading are examples of interpersonal behavior.

E. Team members with good interpersonal behavior tend to work toward achieving common goals.

C. Interpersonal behavior is most important when employees work in large groups.

Which of the following is an organizational citizenship behavior?

A. Civic virtue

B. Courtesy

C. Representing self-interests in a positive way to the public

D. Sportsmanship

E. Behaviors that benefit employees with excess workloads

A. Civic virtue

Some people react to bad rules or policies by constructively trying to change them, instead of passively complaining about them. This positive characteristic refers to:

A. helping.

B. sportsmanship.

C. voice.

D. civic virtue.

E. boosterism.

C. voice.

Delux Services was celebrating its operations in over 17 countries. Linda, a junior HR assistant, was disinterested in attending this celebratory event. The senior HR managers overheard Linda asking her friends the reason for this party. Back at the office, after a review, it was found that Linda never attended any of the meetings with the local business heads. Her lack of interest and knowledge about the company would make her someone who displays _____.

A. high self-esteem

B. low civic virtue

C. "A" player characteristics

D. low self-worth

E. positive boosterism

B. low civic virtue

James is a junior level manager with the Palm Green Hotels. He is also a freelance journalist for a local travel magazine. James keeps himself updated with news about his company and always features the hotel in his weekly columns. He promotes his hotel to such an extent that the number of visitors to the hotel has considerably increased. Which of the following characteristics does James portray?

A. Edginess

B. Political deviance

C. Sportsmanship

D. Civic virtue

E. Boosterism

E. Boosterism

Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment are referred to as:

A. mistaken errors.

B. omissions.

C. erroneous identities.

D. counterproductive behaviors.

E. counteractive mistakes.

D. counterproductive behaviors.

Which of the following is a type of serious interpersonal counterproductive behavior?

A. Sabotage

B. Harassment

C. Incivility

D. Gossiping

E. Wasting resources

B. Harassment

Which of the following is a minor organizational counterproductive behavior?

A. Sabotage

B. Harassment

C. Incivility

D. Gossiping

E. Wasting resources

E. Wasting resources

Which of the following is a serious organizational counterproductive behavior?

A. Incivility

B. Wasting resources

C. Gossiping

D. Sabotage

E. Substance abuse

D. Sabotage

All of the following are forms of counterproductive behaviors EXCEPT:

A. political deviance.

B. personal aggression.

C. property deviance.

D. production deviance.

E. aggressive training.

E. aggressive training.

Which of the following behaviors is a type of production deviance?

A. Wasting resources and substance abuse

B. Sabotage and theft

C. Gossiping and incivility

D. Harassment and abuse

E. Interpersonal and organizational behaviors

A. Wasting resources and substance abuse

Property deviance includes _____.

A. interpersonal and organizational behaviors

B. sabotage and theft

C. gossiping and incivility

D. harassment and abuse

E. wasting resources and substance abuse

B. sabotage and theft

Which of the following is false about counterproductive behaviors?

A. People who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior also tend to engage in other forms of counterproductive behavior.

B. Counterproductive behavior is relevant to any job.

C. There is a strong positive correlation between task performance and counterproductive behavior.

D. Counterproductive behaviors tend to represent a pattern of behavior rather than isolated incidents.

E. Sometimes the best task performers are the ones who can best get away with counterproductive actions.

C. There is a strong positive correlation between task performance and counterproductive behavior.

There is _____ correlation between task performance and counterproductive behavior.

A. a weak negative

B. a weak positive

C. a strong negative

D. a strong positive

E. no

A. a weak negative

Historically, research on OB has focused on the _____ aspects of job performance.

A. educational

B. knowledge

C. learning

D. physical

E. theoretical

D. physical

Which of the following statements about management by objectives (MBO) is false?

A. It is a management philosophy that bases an employee's evaluations on whether the employee achieves specific performance goals.

B. Employee involvement is high in MBO.

C. It is a set of mutually agreed-upon objectives that are measurable and specific.

D. It is best suited for managing the performance of employees who work in contexts in which subjective measures of performance can be quantified.

E. Employee performance can be gauged by referring to the degree to which the employee achieves results that are consistent with the objectives.

D. It is best suited for managing the performance of employees who work in contexts in which subjective measures of performance can be quantified.

Which of the following performance appraisal systems refers to a philosophy that bases an employee's evaluations on whether the employee achieves specific performance goals?

A. Behaviorally anchored rating scales

B. Management by objectives

C. 360-degree feedback

D. Benchmarking

E. Behavioral observation scales

B. Management by objectives

The management technique that assesses an employee's performance by directly assessing job performance behaviors is known as _____

A. behaviorally anchored rating scales.

B. management by objectives.

C. 360-degree feedback.

D. behaviorally applicable rating scales.

E. 180 degree feedback.

A. behaviorally anchored rating scales.

The _____ approach uses critical incidents to create a measure that can be used to evaluate employee performance.

A. management by objectives

B. 360-degree feedback

C. behaviorally anchored rating scales

D. benchmarking

E. behavioral observation scales

C. behaviorally anchored rating scales

The short descriptions of effective and ineffective behaviors used to create an employee performance measurement instrument that managers can use to evaluate employee behavior are referred to as _____.

A. 360-degree feedback

B. management by objectives

C. critical incidents

D. descriptive events

C. critical incidents

The _____ approach involves collecting performance information not just from the supervisor but from anyone else who might have firsthand knowledge about the employee's performance behaviors.

A. behaviorally anchored rating scales

B. management by objectives

C. 360-degree feedback

D. behavioral observation scales

E. benchmarking

C. 360-degree feedback

Chapter 3

The desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization refers to

A. productivity.

B. job performance.

C. job satisfaction.

D. organizational commitment.

E. organizational culture.

D. organizational commitment.

The set of actions that employees perform to avoid the work situation that may eventually culminate in quitting the organization refers to

A. productivity behaviors.

B. commitment behaviors.

C. performance behaviors.

D. withdrawal behaviors.

E. citizenship behaviors.

D. withdrawal behaviors.

The desire to remain a member of an organization due to emotional attachment to, and involvement with, an organization is

A. continuance commitment.

B. affective commitment.

C. embeddedness.

D. normative commitment.

E. social influence.

B. affective commitment.

Bianca Bentley has been a loyal employee for the past 25 years at Anthony International. However, Bianca does not enjoy her job any more and has been receiving several offers and inquiries from head hunters for other interesting jobs. Bianca feels that she should stay at Anthony International because her pension benefits increases during her later years of service as opposed to her initial years of service at Anthony International. This is an example of

A. continuance commitment.

B. affective commitment.

C. ethical commitment.

D. normative commitment.

E. social influence.

A. continuance commitment.

You have just gotten married, purchased a home and a new convertible, all of which makes it difficult to think about changing jobs. You don't like your job, but the feeling that you need to stay at your company refers to

A. continuance commitment.

B. affective commitment.

C. ethical commitment.

D. normative commitment.

E. social influence.

A. continuance commitment.

Staying at a company because you want to reflect _____ commitment, whereas staying because you need to reflect _____ commitment.

A. continuance; affective

B. affective; continuance

C. continuance; normative

D. normative; continuance

E. normative; affective

B. affective; continuance

A desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation is called

A. continuance commitment.

B. affective commitment.

C. embeddedness.

D. normative commitment.

E. social influence.

D. normative commitment.

Kurt Rambis works as an assistant coach of the Los Angles Lakers in the NBA. Recently he was offered the head coaching duties of the Minnesota Timberwolves and all his terms were agreed to by his new organization. Still Rambis has second thoughts about taking up his new job because Los Angeles Lakers was the team that drafted him and helped him develop as a player. He feels that staying back at Los Angeles Lakers is his obligation. This is an example of

A. continuance commitment.

B. affective commitment.

C. embeddedness.

D. normative commitment.

E. social influence.

D. normative commitment.

Sally likes Fitness Central, her new employer. She identifies with Fitness Central, has accepted Fitness Central's goals and values, and is more willing to exert extra effort on behalf of Fitness Central. Sally is experiencing _____ commitment.

A. normative

B. continuance

C. comprehensive

D. affective

E. skill-based

D. affective

Employees who feel a sense of _____ commitment tend to engage in more interpersonal and organizational citizenship behaviors.

A. normative

B. skill-based

C. affective

D. obligation-based

E. continuance

C. affective

Employees with fewer or weaker bonds to others in the workplace are likely to feel less emotional attachment to work colleagues making it easier to decide to leave an organization. This is the _____ model.

A. social influence

B. social impact

C. erosion

D. decay

E. continuity

C. erosion

Employees who have direct linkages with "leavers" will themselves become more likely to leave. This is the _____ model.

A. social influence

B. embeddedness

C. erosion

D. decay

E. social identity

B. embeddedness

The work and non-work forces that bind us to our current employer refers to

A. normative commitment.

B. affective commitment.

C. industry regulations.

D. embeddedness.

E. social influence.

D. embeddedness.

Evidence indicates that members of Generation _____ are somewhat more charitable minded than other generations.

A. X

B. Y

C. A

D. Next

E. Z

B. Y

The response to negative events at work that is an active, constructive response in which individuals attempt to improve the situation is referred to as

A. voice.

B. neglect.

C. loyalty.

D. exit.

E. honesty.

A. voice.

A passive, destructive response in which interest and effort in the job declines is referred to as

A. neglect.

B. exit.

C. voice.

D. loyalty.

E. influence.

A. neglect.

People who do the little things like showing around new employees, picking up birthday cakes, ordering new supplies when needed and so forth are

A. stars.

B. citizens.

C. lone wolves.

D. apathetics.

E. dissidents.

B. citizens.

Missing meetings is a _____ form of withdrawal.

A. psychological

B. physical

C. cultural

D. corporate

E. social

B. physical