final exam god help me bbh 119 (copy)

Different dimensions of health

Physical, Emotional, Spiritual, Intellectual, Social, Environmental, Occupational/financial, Community

What does the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health

“A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity”

Commission on Human Rights

A commission made up of 18 members from various political, cultural, and religious backgrounds. Established the UDHR drafting committee

Eleanor Roosevelt

chaired the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UHDR) drafting committee?

prominent members of the UHDR committee other than Eleanor Roosevelt

Rene Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, Vice-Chairman Peng Chung Change of China, and John Humphrey of Canada

Human Rights Approach to Health

• right to health is no different from the right to civil, political, and economic rights

• health and human rights approach must be accompanied by large-scale social justice movements aimed at political change

• a human rights approach must give voice to those who are vulnerable and empower them to change their conditions of vulnerability

characteristics of health

• positive, optimistic outlook

• sense of control; able to relax

• energy and vitality; freedom from pain/serious illness

• supportive social network

• personally satisfying job or intellectual endeavor

• clean, healthful environment

wellness (short def)

purposeful enjoyable living

wellness looks like

• deciding to move to optimal health

• living life to reach one’s potential

• developing awareness that health and happiness are possible now

• integrating mind, body, and spirit

• believing that actions influence personal health and the health of the world

wellness (long def)

achieved when someone strives for balance in their life by constantly making choices to further their health and fulfillment. has a direct influence on overall health

health (short def)

a state where the physical body is free from disease

Health refers to a state where the
physical body is free from disease, while
wellness refers to…

…an overall balance of a person’s physical, social, spiritual, emotional, intellectual, environmental and occupational well-being

Life Expectancy (United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2022 Revision)

the average number of years a newborn can expect to live if the age-specific mortality rates at the time of their birth remain constant throughout their life. It’s a statistic that reflects a population’s overall mortality level and summarizes the mortality patterns across all age groups in a given year

trend of life expectancy in America

declining

reasons for life expectancy gap in the US vs comparable countries

motor-vehicle accidents, firearm-related injuries, drug poisonings, and overdoses

important consideration that life expectancy doesn’t cover

life expectancy vs years spent in good health

Trends in Life Expectancy in the US for males and females for graph presented in class

Females have been consistently higher, but the gap started increasing a lot after 1930 (potentially due to WWII). 2000, the last data point, has women pegged at 80 and men at about 75. The start (1900) was at about 50 for both sexes.

US health spending per capita according to Peterson KFF Health System Tracker

$12,318

US life expectancy according to Peterson KFF Health System Tracker

76.1

Comparable Country to US Average Health spending, per capita according to Peterson KFF Health System Tracker

$6,003

Comparable Country to US Life Expectancy according to Peterson KFF Health System Tracker

82.4

breathing difference between sexes

men: average 12 breaths a minute
women: average 9 breaths a minute

core body temperature difference between the sexes

men: have lower temperature

women: have higher temperature

heart rate differences between men and women

men: have a slower heart rate

women: have a faster heart rate

blood differences between men and women

men: have more oxygen-rich hemoglobin

women: have more protective immunoglobulin

external stimuli sensitivity between men and women

men: more sensitive to sound

women: more sensitive to light

food processing differences between men and women

men: produce twice as much saliva

women: takes twice as long to process food

brain differences between men and women

men: have a 10-15% larger brain

women: has more neurons in certain brain regions

disorder differences between men and women

men: 10 times more likely to have ADHD

women: twice as likely to have an eating disorder

teenage attention span differences between men and women

men: have an attention span of 5 minutes

women: have an attention span of 20 minutes

physical activity/weight differences between men and women

men: more likely to be physically active

women: more likely to be overweight

disease differences between men and women

men: more prone to lethal disease such as heart attacks, cancer, and liver failure

women: more vulnerable to chronic disease like arthritis and autoimmune disorders and age related conditions like osteoporosis

mental health differences between men and women

men: five times as likely to be an alcoholic

women: twice as likely to develop depression

life expectancy differences between men and women

men: 76 years

women: 81 years

subjective well-being

ways in which individuals evaluate their lives

psychological well-being

desirable psychological traits and positive social relationships

Emotional well-being

high levels of positive moods and emotions

life satisfaction

explicit and conscious assessment of their lives

happiness (with different definitions)

• a state, not a trait; in other words, it isn’t a long-lasting, permanent feature or personality trait, but more a fleeting, changeable state

• equated with feeling pleasure or contentment, meaning that happiness is not to be confused with joy, ecstasy, bliss, or other more intense feelings

• can be either feeling or showing, meaning that happiness is not necessarily an internal or external experience, but can be both

subjective happiness scale

consists of multiple items, allowing for an assessment of internal consistency. However, it is designed not to overburden respondents or threaten its unidimensional structure with numerous items

Questions on Subjective Happiness Scale

• (answers on a scale of 1-7)

• i consider myself (not a very happy person to a very happy person)

• compared to my peers, I consider myself (less happy to more happy)

• some people are generally very happy. they enjoy life regardless of what is going on, getting the most out of everything, To what extent does this describe you? (not at all to a great deal)

• some people are generally not very happy. although they are not depressed, they never seem as happy as they might be. to what extent does this characterization describe you?

roots of happiness

• genetic happiness set point (50 percent)

• life circumstances (10 percent)

• thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, and goal-based activities (40 percent)

• social and cultural factors

Handbook fo Religion and Health definition of Spirituality

distinguished from all other things — humanism, values, morals, and mentla health — by its connection to that which is sacred, the transcendent. The transcendent is that which is outside the self, and yet also within the self

religion

a specific set of organized beliefs and practices, usually shared by a community or group

spirituality

more of an individual practice and has to do with having a sense of peace and purpose, It also relates to the process of developing beliefs around the meaning of life and connection with others

first hospitals in the west were built by

Religious organizations

first hospitals in the west were staffed by

religious orders

clergy in the context of region, medicine, and health institutions

throughout the middle ages and up through the french revolution, they were physicians

Quakers in the context of religion, medicine, and health institutions

brought moral treatment to America, where it became the dominant form of psychiatric care in the country, also established the “Friends Hospital/Asylum” in philly 1813, the first private mental health institution in America

issue of mental health professionals in regard to religion and religious resources

many mental health professionals view religion and religious resources as pathological

values

are belief systems

• criteria for evaluating things, people, events, and self

• represent what’s most important to you

• can guide decision making

• help give life meaning and structure

how to clarify values

• carefully consider the consequences of each choice

• choose freely from among all the options

• publicly affirm your values by sharing them with others

• act out your values

spiritual health as per the lectures

• ability to identify life purpose

• experience fulfillment in achieving full potential

spirituality as per lectures

• holistic belief in the connection to yourself and others, in someone or something that transcends the boundaries of self

• gives rise to strong sense of purpose

• acts as a guide in life decisions

as per the lectures spirituality can…

…enhance health, and perhaps can extend life

spirituality reduces these things as per the lectures

• alcohol use disorders

• binge drinking

• vulnerability to eating disorders

• symptoms of depression

spiritual intelligence as per the lectures

capacity to sense, understand, and tap into the highest parts of ourselves, others, and the world around us

facts about spiritual intelligence as per the lectures

• does not require a belief in god

• focuses on finding wisdom within the person

• creates inner peace so you can listen to yourself

statistics on American religiousness as per the lectures

47% religious, 33% spiritual but not religious, 2% spiritual and religious, 18% neither

trends in religiousness and spirituality in the US according to Gallup as presented in the lecture

since 1999, percentage of people who are neither religious or spiritual has doubled, and people who identify as religious has dropped 7 percentage points

trends in religiousness and spirituality in Gallup poll graph as presented in the lecture

(ranked from most to least total) decline in religiousness, increase in spiritual but not religious, increase in neither, decrease in both spiritual and religious

how to enrich your spiritual life as per the lectures

sit quietly, start small, step outside, use activity to tune into your spirit, ask questions of yourself, trust your spirit, develop a spiritual practice — religious or nonreligious

gratitude

a significant dimension fo positive psychology — habitual focusing on and appreciating the positive aspects of life

what does gratitude do as per the lectures

increases optimism and improves sleep and health

how does one practice gratitude as per the lecture

keep a gratitude journal and look for times to be thankful

Forgive in the context of Greek

from the Greek word for “letting go”

benefits of forgiveness

• releases anger and pain that have been demanding time and draining energy

• instills a much greater sense of power than does harboring resentment

• frees the one who forgives

brain development as per the lectures

brain areas responsible for tasks such as organizing, controlling impulses, planning, and strategizing do not fully develop until mid-20s, not do brain chemicals such as dopamine that help distinguish between what is worthy of attention and what is mere distraction do not reach optimal levels until mid-20s

impulsivity as per lectures

tendency to act without thinking and can involve behaviors that are risky, inappropriate, or poorly thought out

associations with impulsivity in teens as per lectures

a higher risk of substance abuse, unprotected sex, an legal problems, however it doesn’t start that way

impulsivity study in lectures

early interventions appear able to reduce the severity and impact of impulsivity; sensation seeking rising dramatically during adolescence and increases risks to healthy development; brain development not as much of a limit as opposed to lack of experience in adult behavior

childhood interventions for impulsivity

used to combat the early forms of impulsivity

adolescent interventions for impulsivity

used to combat the rise in sensation seeking and potentially other forms of impulsivity that emerge later in life

Romm et al. 2022 study cites these as a time of increased engagement in a range of adverse health behaviors, such as substance use, risky sexual behaviors, and physical inactivity

transition from high school to college

the Romm et al. 2022 study cites the increased engagement in adverse health behaviors as predictors of these negative long term health outcomes when continued into adulthood

accidental injury, crime, suicide, chronic disease, and mortality

college freshman alcohol statistics according to lecture

50% of freshman start drinking alcohol in first year, 25% of those people engaging in binge drinking

non alcohol risky behaviors among freshman in lectures

marijuana, unprotected sex, declines in physical activity

engagement in listed risky behaviors among freshmen is linked to these outcomes

poorer academic performance, increased risk of injury, death, and motor vehicle crashes, higher rates of job loss and criminal activity, as well as increased physical health problems and mortality

difference between men and women in concentration

men: concentration activates cells in highly specific areas

women: concentration activates cells all over the brain

difference between men and women in sensitivity to stimuli at old age

men: retain the ability to see well at long distances

women: hearing remains sharper longer

likelihood of depression in women when compared to men

women are twice as likely as men to report depression

difference between black and white women in depression

black: much less likely to report suffering depression

white: much more likely to report suffering depression

potential underlying predispositions women have that puts them at greater risk under various social stressors

• brain chemistry

• sex hormones

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD) vs premenstrual syndrome (PMS) classification in terms of mental health

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD) is classified as a depressive disorder whereas premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is not

4 Under’s of the problems in depression treatment in men

Underdiscussed, Underrecognized, Underdiagnosed, Undertreated

Depression symptoms in men that are different that in women

• irritability or fatigue instead of sadness

• sense of worthlessness, hopelessness, helplessness, “losing their life force”

• physical symptoms such as headaches, pain, and insomnia

• “self-medication” with alcohol and/or drugs

most common psychiatric conditions

depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia, anxiety and panic disorders

trends in the percent of population with a major depressive episode in the past year by age 2008-2020

12-17 has been rapidly increasing since 2012, from 8% to 17%; 2014 was the start of the rise of depression in 18-24 year olds, from 8% to meeting 12-17 year olds after closing the gap at also 17%; 26+ year olds at steady, at around 7%

percent of Americans experiencing stress, anxiety, or sadness that was difficult to cope with alone during the pandemic

33% faced these mental health symptoms

trends in the mental health toll of Covid-19 appears to be fading chart (April 2019-2024)

Anxiety disorder: 8.3% in 2019, 30% in 2020, 26.9% in 2022, 17.5% in 2024

Depressive disorder: 6.3%, 23.5%, 21.7%, 13.5%

Anxiety or Depressive disorder: 11%, 35.9%, 30.9%, 21.0%

WHO definition of Mental Health

a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community. it is an integral component of health and well-being that underpins our individual and collective abilities to make decisions, build relationships and shape the world we live in

characteristics of mentally healthy individuals

• value themselves

• perceive reality as it is

• accept their limitations and possibilities

• carry out their responsibilities

• establish and maintain close relationships

• pursue work that suits their talents and training

• feel a sense of fulfillment that makes efforts of daily living worthwhile

definition for a serious mental illness as per the lectures

a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that interferes with one or more major activities in life, like dressing, eating, or working

proportion of US adults having a mental illness at some point in their lives

about 1 in 4 have a mental illness at some point it their lives

stress

nonspecific response of the body to any demands made upon it; may be characterized by muscle tension and acute anxiety, or may be a positive force for action, comes from Latin stringere meaning “to draw tight”

stressor

anything that triggers a state of arousal

types of stress

eustress: positive

distress: negative

neustress: neutral

potential cause of most animals remaining stressed for longer than optimal after stress-inducing incident

limits to how quickly the body can remove stress hormones from circulation

physiological responses to fight or flight actions

• pupils dilate

• heart rate increases

• cortisol and adrenaline increase

• digestive system slows to prioritize energy

shift in cause of stress from 2019 to 2020 in the Stress in America Survey

2019: youngest American adults reported the most stress, with most common causes of stress being healthcare, the political environment, and mass shootings

2020: shifted focus to stressors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic