AP Psych Unit 1 Vocab

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75 Terms

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Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

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Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

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cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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nature-nurture issue

the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience

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levels of analysis

the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon

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biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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behavioral approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.

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Biological Approach

an approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system

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Cognitive Approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

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Evolutionary Approach

An approach to psychology centered on ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

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humanistic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

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psychodynamic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences.

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Sociocultural Approach

An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

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Psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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Cognitive Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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industrial-organizational psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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human factors psychology

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

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counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

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clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

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positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

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hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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operational definition

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

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Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

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case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

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sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

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population

Every person that could be involved in a study.

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random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

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correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

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Scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

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illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

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experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

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experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

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control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

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random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

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double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

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placebo effect

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

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independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

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Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

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Histogram

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

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Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

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Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

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mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

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skewed distribution

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

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range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

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standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

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normal curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

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inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

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statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

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Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

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informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

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Debriefing

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

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American Psychological Association (APA)

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States.

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International Review Board (IRB)

A committee designated to approve, monitor, and review experiments ranging from biology to psychology so that researchers do not break the principles in research.

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International Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A committee that is responsible for reviewing and approving research proposals that involve the use of animals.