APUSH Unit 5- AP Exam Review (1844-1877)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states

Manifest Destiny (1845)

Stated that the US was destined by God to expand to the Pacific Ocean

Reasons for German Immigration in the 1840s and 1850s

Economic depression, political conditions, and religious freedom

Significance of European Immigration

Increased population dramatically

Immigrants tended to vote for...

Democrats

Reasons for Irish Immigration

Potato famine and discontent with British rule

Where did Chinese immigrants work?

Construction and railroads in the West Coast

American Party (Know-Nothings)

Northern political party comprised of nativists (old Protestants) who hated Irish Catholic and German Catholic immigrants

Annexation of Texas

After the battle at the Alamo, Texas gains its independence, only to be annexed by the US shortly after at the urgent push of the South

Polk's Goals- Election of 1844

Annex Texas, 54-40 or Fight, and Aquire California

Treaty of 1846

Established the border between Oregon and Canada at the 49th Paralell

How did Polk provoke war with Mexico?

He sent troops to a disputed border area

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo 1848

Mexico agreed to recognize the Rio Grande as the Southern border and sell California and New Mexico for 15 Million

Main issue of the Election of 1848

Expansion of slavery into new territories from Mexico

Polk's plan for expansion of slavery

Popular sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty

The people of each state should decide if it will be a free state or a slave state

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Crisis in California (1850)

Wanted to enter as a free state, but no slave territory ready to balance the Senate

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a free state, Utah and New Mexico organized with popular sovereignty, Slave trade banned in D.C., Fugitive Slave Act

Fatal Flaw of the Fugitive Slave Act

No Statute of Limitations

How did Northern States respond to the Fugitive Slave Act?

Adopted personal liberty laws to make it a crime to obey the Act

Split of Whig Party

over the issues of Slavery & the Fugitive Slave Act, split into conscience and cotton whigs

Election of 1852

Pierce won in a landslide; signified the weakened power of the Whig party

Uncle Tom's Cabin

a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Established Popular Sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska; repealed the Missouri Compromise

Republican Party (1854)

Formed as a coalition of anti-slavery Democrats, Conscience Whigs, and Free Soil members

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

Disagreements over whether slavery should be allowed in Kansas led to violence among settlers

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Decided that blacks were not citizens and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas over the Senate seat; mainly covered slavery; put Lincoln in the National Spotlight

Freeport Doctrine (1858)

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

John Brown attempted to attack a federal arsenal in hopes of starting a slave revolt; was hanged and became a martyr in the North

Election of 1860

the democratic party split, Lincoln was elected president; left the South hopeless

Legal Defenses of Slavery

Slaves were property and the federal government could not deprive people of property without compensation- 5th amendment

Religious Defenses of Slavery

Bible told slaves to obey their masters

Economic arguments for slavery

Necessary for Whites to have economic independence

Types of Slave resistence

Damaging tools, slowing work, running away, rebellion

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

South Carolina secedes

December 20, 1860

Crittenden Compromise

Restore the Missouri Compromise and create an unamendable amendment to ensure slavery where it exists- rejected by Republicans

How did the South fight the war?

They fought it on their land, so it was a war of attrition

Anaconda Plan

Northern Civil War strategy to starve the South by blockading seaports, controlling the Mississippi River, and capturing Richmond

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Single bloodiest day of the American Civil War; Union victory that turned back a Confederate invasion of the North.

Confederate Draft

1st legally binding draft in American history (1862); could be avoided by hiring a substitute or by owning 20 or more slaves;

Union Draft

They drafted men from ages 18-35. Wealthy people could buy their way out of the draft.

Why did Lincoln suspend habeas corpus?

To discourage people from criticizing the Union cause

"Copperheads" / Peace Democrats

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War- seen as traitors

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free; sent the message that the war was now over slavery

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

Turning point 1 of the war- the union secured Mississippi

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Grant's Drive to Richmond

12 days of fighting to get to Richmond; led to the fall of Richmond

North Advantages in the Civil War

-Population

-money

-Industry

South Advantages in the Civil War

Home field advantage, military leadership, and unity of cause

Lee's Surrender

April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House

Lincoln's 10 percent plan

southern states could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill that provided the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

Issued an amnesty proclamation to pardon Confederates; required States to rewrite constitutions and ratify 13th amendment

Results of Johnson's Reconstruction plans

Black codes

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Required States to abolish black codes and ratify the 14th amendment and established military rule of the Southern states

Freedman's Bureau Act

Helped former slaves who sought and education or wanted help establishing a church- vetoed by Johnson, but overruled

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

The president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval

Sharecropping System

A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop)- led to immense debt

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Used peaceful coercion to stop black voting and topple republican governments

Enforcement Acts

Prohibited radical anti-black groups and protected the voting rights of African Americans

Compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights