Chapter 19 A & P

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22 Terms

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19.1A - Blood and Homeostasis

Blood helps maintain homeostasis by:

  1. Transporting substances – Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste.

  2. Regulating pH and ions – Buffers in the blood maintain a stable pH.

  3. Regulating temperature – Blood distributes heat throughout the body.

  4. Clotting – Prevents blood loss after injury.

  5. Immune defense – White blood cells and antibodies fight infections.

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19.2A - Components of Blood

  • Plasma (55%) – Fluid containing water, proteins, nutrients, and waste.

  • Formed elements (45%) – Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.

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19.2B - Blood Volume

  • Males: 5–6 liters

  • Females: 4–5 liters

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19.3A - Blood Plasma Components

  • Water (92%)

  • Proteins (7%)

  • Nutrients, gases, waste, and hormones (1%)

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19.3B - Major Plasma Proteins

  • Albumin – Maintains osmotic pressure.

  • Globulins – Involved in immunity (antibodies).

  • Fibrinogen – Essential for blood clotting.

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19.4A - Three Formed Elements

  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells - RBCs)

  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells - WBCs)

  • Thrombocytes (Platelets)

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19.4B - Origin & Production of Formed Elements

  • Produced in red bone marrow (hematopoiesis).

  • Hemocytoblasts (stem cells) differentiate into RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

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19.4C - Hemoglobin Structure & Function

  • Structure: 4 polypeptide chains, each with an iron-containing heme.

  • Function: Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

  • Oxygen binds to iron, CO₂ binds to globin.

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9.4D - Fetal vs. Adult Hemoglobin

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, allowing better oxygen transfer from mother to fetus.

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19.4E - Red Blood Cell Life Cycle

  • Lifespan: ~120 days.

  • Old RBCs are broken down in the liver & spleen.

  • Iron is recycled, and bilirubin is excreted in bile.

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19.4F - Types of White Blood Cells

  • Neutrophils – Fight bacterial infections.

  • Lymphocytes – Produce antibodies.

  • Monocytes – Become macrophages and engulf pathogens.

  • Eosinophils – Combat parasites and allergies.

  • Basophils – Release histamine in allergic reactions.

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19.4G - Platelet Origin & Structure

  • Origin: Made from megakaryocytes in bone marrow.

  • Structure: Small cell fragments without a nucleus.

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19.4H - Platelet Function

  • Forms platelet plugs at injury sites.

  • Releases clotting factors to prevent blood loss.

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19.5A - Hemostasis (Stopping Bleeding)

  • Vascular Spasm – Blood vessel constriction.

  • Platelet Plug Formation – Platelets stick to injury.

  • Coagulation (Clotting) – Fibrin forms a stable clot.

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19.5B - Clot Regulation & Removal

  • Regulation: Anticoagulants like heparin prevent excessive clotting.

  • Clot Removal: Plasmin dissolves clots (fibrinolysis).

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19.6A - ABO Blood Group System

  • Determined by antigens (A & B) on RBCs.

  • Four types: A, B, AB, O.

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19.6B - ABO Incompatibility in Transfusion

  • Mismatch can trigger an immune response.

  • Type O = universal donor; Type AB = universal recipient.

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19.6C - Rh Blood Group

  • Rh-positive (has Rh antigen).

  • Rh-negative (lacks Rh antigen).

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19.6D - Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

  • Occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby.

  • Mother’s immune system attacks fetal RBCs in future pregnancies.

  • Prevented with RhoGAM injection.

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19.7A - Diagnostic Blood Tests & Normal Values

  1. Hematocrit (RBC %): Males 42-52%, Females 37-47%.

  2. Hemoglobin: Males 13-18 g/dL, Females 12-16 g/dL.

  3. WBC Count: 4,000-11,000 per μL.

  4. Platelet Count: 150,000-450,000 per μL.

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19.7B - Disorders with Abnormal Blood Test Values

  1. Anemia: Low RBCs or hemoglobin.

  2. Leukemia: High WBC count due to cancer.

  3. Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count, causing bleeding.

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