Biology 2nd Semester Exam 2023

endotherms

Animals (such as birds or mammals) that can maintain a constant body temperature. This allows them to live in almost every possible environment on Earth.

hair

made of keratin/only mammals have this/provides insulation and waterproofing/helps maintain constant body temperature

ways mammals cool off

panting and sweating

gland

An organ that produces and releases (secretes) chemicals inside or outside the body/produces saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, milk

mammary glands

Specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish the young

milk

rich in fats, sugars, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity and above the abdominal cavity that helps with breathing

mammal hearts

have four chambers for circulating blood through the body/keeps oxygenated blood separate from deoxygenated blood

mammal teeth

Diverse and specialized for certain foods/incisors, canines, premolars, molars

cud chewing

Adaptation of many hoofed animals enabling swallowed food matter to be brought up and chewed again

placental mammals

Mammals that nourish their unborn offspring through a placenta (cord) inside the female mammal's uterus

uterus

A hollow muscular organ in which offspring develop

placenta

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord/instrumental in passing oxygen to and removing wastes from developing embryo

gestation

time during which placental mammals develop inside the uterus

marsupial

A mammal, such as a koala, kangaroo, or opossum, whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch/short period of development inside the mother's body followed by a second period of development inside a pouch made of skin and hair found on the outside of the mother's body

opossum

only North American marsupial

where are most marsupials found?

Australia

monotremes

Egg laying mammals/duck-billed platypus, spiny ant eaters (echidnas)

where are monotremes found?

Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea

Lagomorpha

order of Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas

Perissodactyla

order of horses and zebras

Edentata

order of armadillos

Artiodactyla

order of hippos and giraffes

Chiroptera

order of bats

Proboscidea

order of elephants

canine teeth

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; used for tearing prey

incisors

Teeth between the canines that are used for cutting or biting

premolars and molars

crush and grind food

mammals are successful because

they guard their young/they can learn

Primates

order of monkeys, apes, and humans

Carnivora

order of lions, tigers, and bears

Rodentia

order of rats, mice, and porcupines

Cetacea

order of whales, dolphins, and porpoisesSirenia

Sirenia

order of manatees and dugongs

Insectivora

order of moles, hedgehogs, and shrews

Arthropoda

phylum of animals with jointed appendages

appendage

structure, such as a leg or antenna, that extends from the body wall

arthropods have

jointed appendages, no backbone, segmented body, exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry

exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of protein and chitin, that provides support and protection, provides places for attachment of muscles, and protects against water loss

molting

the process of shedding an outgrown exoskeleton

cephalothorax

A body region composed of the head and thorax fused together

gills

organs that remove oxygen from the water/aquatic arthropods use these

tracheal tubes

network of breathing tubes that extend throughout the body of most terrestrial arthropods/insects use these

book lungs

Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.

pheromones

chemical odor signals given off by animals

simple eye

visual structure in arthropods that uses one lens to detect light and focus

compound eye

in arthropods, a visual system composed of multiple lenses; each lens registers light from a small portion of the field of view, creating an image composed of thousands of parts

mandibles

mouthparts (jaws) of arthropods

Malpighian tubules

the excretory organs of arthropods/excrete wastes

parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

Arachnida

A class of the arthropod group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. All members have 6 pairs of jointed appendages.

pedipalps

each of the second pair of appendages attached to the cephalothorax of most arachnids/adapted for handling food and for sensing

spinnerets

tube-like structures in a spider's abdomen that the spider uses to make silk threads

ticks and mites

have only one body section

crustaceans

crabs, lobsters, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, water fleas, pill bugs

pill bugs

the only land crustaceans

Chilopoda

class of centipedes

Diplopoda

class of millipedes

disadvantages of exoskeleton

relatively heavy and cannot grow

How often do most arthropods molt?

4-7 times in their lives

3 body sections of most arthropods

head, thorax, abdomen

2 body sections of arachnids

cephalothorax, abdomen

spiracles

openings in the thorax and abdomen of insects that allows air to enter and exit the tracheal tubes

antennae

stalk-like structures that detect changes in the environment/movement, sound, and chemicals can be detected with great sensitivity by these/arachnids have no antennae

3 parts of the nervous system of arachnids

double ventral nerve cord, anterior brain, ganglia

how arthropods pump blood

by one or more hearts in an open circulatory system with vessels that carry blood away from the heart/blood flows out of the vessels, bathes body tissues, and returns to the heart through open body spaces

chelicerae

first pair of appendages/two biting appendages of arachnids. In Spiders, they are modified into fangs.

complete metamorphosis

egg, larva, pupa, adult

incomplete metamorphosis

egg, nymph, adult

Merostomata

Class of horseshoe crabs

Insecta

Class of insects

metamorphosis

a series of changes controlled by chemical substances in insects

2 venomous spiders in U.S.

black widow and brown recluse

sponges

Phylum Porifera (pore-bearer)

filter feeding

method in which food particles are filtered from water as it passes by or through some part of the sponge

osculum

A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water and wastes are expelled

pore cell

allow water carrying food and oxygen into the sponge's body

epithelial cell

thin and flat/contract in response to touch or irritations causing pore cells to close up

collar cell

flagellated cells that line the inner cavity of a sponge, which helps draw water through the pores

amoebocytes

located between the 2 cell layers/carry nutrients to other cells/aid in reproduction/produce chemicals that help make up spicules

spicules

small, needle-like that form the hard support system of sponges

hermaphrodite

animal that can produce both eggs and sperm/most sponges fall into this category

external fertilization

eggs and sperm are both released into the water/fertilization occurs outside the body/fertilization in a few sponges occurs this way

internal fertilization

eggs remain inside the body; sperm are carried to the eggs in the flow of water/most fertilization in sponges occurs this way sponges

cnidarians

Phylum meaning "stinging cells"/jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras

asconoids

sponges with a vase-like structure with a central cavity

syconoids

sponges with a tubular body with folds inside the body wall

leuconoids

sponges with an interconnected system of complex canals and chambers

encrusting sponges

sponges that grow by spreading over the ocean floor and forming a hard surface

boring sponges

type of sponges that bore thin channels through calcium carbonate/rocks

erect sponges

sponges that grow upright in the water, often building stem-like structures

sclereocytes

cells in sponges that secrete spicules

archeocytes

large cells that take up food particles by engulfing them/allow sponges to regenerate themselves

choanocytes

flagellated cells that create a water current to bring in water through pores and pump it around the sponge canals

sponge crab

attaches sponges to its back for camouflage/the sponge gets carried around to good food sources/mutualism

radial symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis/cnidarians' body structure

hexactinellida

glass sponges/live in the deep

Carnivorous Demosponges

have hooks that catch small fish or crustaceans as prey/harp sponge is one type

demosponges

are by far the largest group of sponges/live in the deep and the shallows

calcarea sponges

calcium carbonate spicules/restricted to life in the shallows