personality quiz 1

chapter 1 + 2

what are the fundamental questions addressed by personality psychology?

“who am i”, “what is my future”, and “why are people different?”

who was hippocrates and how did he contribute to p.p

a greek physician who divided people into 4 categories of personality (shown through biological factors), called the 4 humors

what 4 categories did hippocrates divide people into

cholerics, melancholics, phlegmatics, and sanguine (called the 4 humors)

cholerics

tall, thin, holds grudges, easily irritated, too much yellow bile

melancholics

contemplative, sad, resigned, pessimistic, no energy, too much black bile

phlegmatic

sleeps too much, dull, cowardly, sluggish, overweight, excess of phlegm

sanguine

even tempered, ruddy complexion, cheerful, hopeful, assertive (not angry), more blood

who was theoprastus and how did he contribute to p.p

he was a greek philosopher who brought up the question: “why it is that while all of greece is under the sky, sll greeks are educated alike it has befallen us to have characters variously constituded?”, from this emerged characterology

characterology

literary endeavor to describe the different sorts of individuals who existed

what is an example of a person theophratus made up in characterology

the flatterer (a person who engaged in a degrading form of companionship - maybe profiting off of it)

what questions motivate the study of personality psychology?

“who am i?” (why is it so hard to know myself?), “what is my future?”, “why are people different?”, “who are you?”, “what is human nature?”, and “how does personality work?”

Implicit personality theory

describes our unstated assumptions and ideas about how people think, feel, and behave (external/noticeable traits are easier to assume than internal one’s - ex. how extroverted someone is)

what distinguishes personality from philosophy and other disciplines?

the study of individual differences, and studying a whole person as an organized and developing system, more of a science approach, also a very broad study

who was wilhem wundt and what did he envision for p.p?

he was a personality psychologist who opened the first psych. lab in 1887 (considered the start of modern psych.), made the molecular model continuum of psych (including sensation, perception, memory, emotion, cognition, and consciousness), asked the q: “what is sensation, perception, learning?”, founder of experimental psych.,

who was gordon allport and what was his role in defining personality

an american psychologist who was the founder of personality psychology, created trait theory, taught a personality survey and wrote a personality textbook, defined personality as a dynamic organization within an individual rather than a collective of traits, connected behavior to psychological and physical processes

what are the origins of the term personality

originates from the Latin word persona, which referred to the masks worn by actors in ancient Greek and Roman theater to represent different characters, also has to do with evolution surrounding personality (check page 1)

what is the definition of personality

textbook: system that organizes the many psychological part of our minds including our perceptions, memories, and emotions

in-class: an organized developing system within the individual that represents the collective action of that individual’s major psychological sub-systems

key: includes motivation, emotion, cognitive-social planning, mental models, cognition, and social planning/self

what are some of the advantages of the personality definition used in the book compared to the individual differences definition?

1. focuses on the whole person rather than specific traits

2. doesn’t compare people

3. incorporates interval development

what is a system

a set of interrelated parts

what are the dimensions along which personality is located in related to other objects of scientific study?

molecular molar continuum (biological to sociocultural), internal-external model,

molecular molar continuum

a model showing where personality is in relation to biological and sociocultural systems (bio = molecular, socio = molar), hierarchal, created by edward tolman, personality is at molecular and molar levels, check page 9 for example

internal-external continuum

personality is found externally and internally, created by julian b rotter, check page 10 for example, objection to this continuum: personality is interpersonal, people act differently with different people → wrong b'/c personality is internal, personality dies w/ people, only reputation lives on

how does the molecular molar continuum apply to other areas of scientific study?

bridges foundational ideas with smaller complexities, brings together biology, psychology, sociology, and physics (ex. atoms → human being)

who was freud and what did he do?

austrian neuroligist/psychologist, unconscious mind theory, comprehensive theory, hypnotism, wrote the 1st personality theory of unconsciousness, psychopathology, psychodynamic psych, (id, ego, superego)

who was jung and what did he do?

swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist, psychoanalytical, collective unconciousness, introduce introversion and extroversion (laid out the foundational theory for the myers-briggs test)

who was adler and what did he do?

austrian doctor and psychotherapist, individual psychology (people are unique striving for significance and belonging), birth order, inferiority v superiority complex

how are freud, jung, and adler similar?

they all focused on depth psychology and the unconciousness (human behavior comes from internal), all explored how personality developes through stages of life, jung and adler were heavily influenced by freuds theorys of psychanalytics, all believed in the sig. of early childhood

where do personality psychologists work?

they can work in educational instituations, research settings, clinical/applied settings (counseling), and evaluating people in social contexts

where are personality psychologists typically trained?

firstly they can get a: PhD in p.p/social psych or an MD in psychiatry (less common)

where are psychological research studies published?

academic journals and the APA

what is personality assesment?

a systematic, multi-method process of gathering information to evaluate a person's characteristic patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior: “sizing up” to people, observation, conducting interviews, administering and interpreting psychological tests, how you respect others, measures a persons emotions, traits, and thinking patterns

why is personality assessment of importance?

comprehensively understanding, organizing, and measuring the individual as a functional system, rather than relying on fragmented, competing theories

why study?

gain knowledge to change yourself/understnad yourself better, predictor of purpose, answers the fundamental questions of p.p, critical thinking, application to change (taking control of one’s life), application to assessment (who am i) and to prediction and selection (what is my future)

how large are the effects in personality psychology and how do these compare to other fields?

moderate, can predict life outcomes such as health, relationships, success, etc - compared to other fields in psych. personality psych predicts way more about one’s self and future

common ways of organizing the personality course?

split into 4 central topics, personality system framework, used to solve 2 problems of pers. approach

what are the 4 central topics used in the textbook?

1. what is person. + limits

2. parts of personality/components

3. how is personality organized

4. how does personality develop overtime

what are parts of personality?

emotions, motives, relationships, self control/managment, cognitions, mental models, needs, and social behavior, discrete mental quality/aread of mental function in someone

structural organization

organization of a persons traits/motives/psychological structures that shape their perception and behaviors

personality dynamics

how a persons multiple traits lead to the big 5 and how their traits are organized(ex. if a person is adaptable, energic, etc they can connect to one of the big 5 characteristic such as agreeableness)

personality systems framework

a theoretical, and integrative model that organizes the field of personality psychology into four main areas: definition, parts, organization, and development

how did homosapiens brain size grow overtime?

through using fire as a tool - cooking food lead to more calories, giving brains more food to get bigger, also baby slings lead to humans migrating more, lastly, humans standing upright lead to more brain space and smaller gut - technology = adaption

3 reasons why our personalities are not all the same

1. environmental fluctuations

2. behavioral alternatives

3. typological advantages

david buss

invented individual difference detectors, the capacity to recognize differences from 1 person to another

personal intelligence

the mental ability to understand personality in oneself and others

key people

gassner - expelled demon out of people cursed from tics

mesmer - used animal magnetism (hypnosis) to cure people too

schopenhauer - said people were driven by blind instinct + deluded wills (led to mental illness)
edward von hartmann - philosophy of unconciouss

socrates - self knowledge - how to treat others well

fances bacon - beleived some people fit cerain careers based off of their personality

anderson rosenfield - what u think motivates other/what you enjoy in others

david funder - external = easier, internal = harder to understand/guess abt a person by simple observation

roback - psych. of character

murray - theory of needs

maslow + rogers - humanistic, clinical psych, processes of pers. in therapy

bullard + iller - concepts of theories

hall + lindzey - textbook on all theories

bandura - children + aggressive behaviors

skinner - rienforcements

horney - psychoanalysis, feminine psych

temprament

physiologically based motivational + emotional styles people exhibit

analects

confucius’s worked system out to bring harmony in chaos (what is my future)

psychological mindedness

interest in understanding relationships among psychological processes + how they influence a person’s life (p.p rate high in this)

individual differences

proper study of personality is the analysis of how people differ from one another, classify people according to diff, + how the diff. will influence behavior at a certain time disadvantages: makes p.p one single focus

field of science

organized group of individuals who study a common topic + who add to what we know abt it

clinical psych

concerns both research and applied activities directed towards understanding what causes mental disorders + how they can be treated

personality psych

long-standing maladaptive traits and behavior patterns that interfere with social life and work

where did greeks believe the soul was

in your lungs

judging people

normal, learning is adaptive

social brain hypothesis

explains why non-human primates are in groups of 30 (humans = 120 - dunbar number

more abt personal intelligence

higher interpersonal communication with higher personal intelligence and lower unreflextive judgments, not curious abt themselves with lower personal intelligence

binomial effect size display table

most personality predictions fall within r=.00 - .30, higher score = more sucessful

external source data (life data)

data that airses externally from personality, biology, setting, interactions, and institutions (ex. medical condition, what others think of us, political parties)

internal source data (personal-report)

data that comes from the individual when they communicate, disclose, or reports to a psychology investigator (through interviews, questionnaires, and IQ tests), internal data divides into self-judgment, criterion report, and thematic-report data

self-judgment data

internal, individual is asked to describe/explain something about themselves (ex. minesota multiphase pers. inventory-measures ind. self-concept, “most people think of me as shy” - doesn’t depend on memories = positive (needed for emotional states - ability based, understanding mental acuity) —— source can be from inside the psychological person + target can bee the persons psychological status as well (ex. im feeling bad today) — human beings can report inner feelings, animals cannot

process report data

variation of self judgment data, individual report of an ongoing mental proces (ex. emotion/thought, “are you happy right now?”) - doesn’t depend on memories = positive

criterion report data (mental-ability)

individual answers a test question with a response that will be judged against a correct response (ex. SAT)

thematic report data (projective)

responding to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot/rorscharch test)

correlational design

research method used to quantifying the relationship between 2 variables, without manipulating them

correlation coefficient

statistic that represents the degree of association between 2 variables, co-relation between 2 variables (range: ± 1.0 - ex. r = 1.0 - perfect pos. rel., r= 0 no rel, r= -1.0 = perfect neg. rel.), nature of it: to find the rel. between 2+ variables

quasi-experimental design (natural experiment)

research method used to test treatment effectiveness in the real world, by manipulating an ind. var. without using random assignment

true experiment (natural exp.)

a research method used to test treatment effectiveness in the real world, by using random assignment of people to groups, 1 exp. group, 1 control group

case study

intensive examination of 1 person over a period of time (disadvantages: not random selection, hard to generalize 1 person to entire pop., observers could be bias, advantages: illustrate central points and provide in-depth examples of personality in action, deeper understanding of a person)

observationism

outgrowth of the case study method, repeated examinations of many diff. cases w/ the intention of drawing generalizations from them. the intensive investigation of multiple cases w/ the intention of drawing generalizations from them(applied to the gen. pop.) (disadvantages: tally arguement: whatever the patient and therapist agreed on was considered true but everything else was considered false)

freuds contributions/thoughts about observationalism

freud said the observationalism was the best of all psychological research methods, observed his own patients heavily using free association as a physician, using a consistent environment and kept speaking to a minimum to maximize the experience

why measure people?

necessary for a scientific understanding of the individual, mapping personality components, and predicting behavior, facilitating self-knowledge, enabling contextual analysis, and distinguishing data sources, lots of data from people

reliability

stability, predictability, dependability, and consistency (ex. when the scale gives you the same weight ever time)

test reliability

correlation between tests obtained score and true score

estimating reliability

no way to calculate R, can estimate

parallel forms reliability

reliability of either test is equal to the correlation between the 2 tests - comparable items - ex. are you moody v does your mood go up and down

internal consistancy reliability

degree that different parts of a test agree with one another in their measurment

split half reliability (form of internal consistancy reliability)

dividing a test into 2 parallel 1/2’s and test ½ of the reliability in each half of the test (limitation: there’s more than 1 way to split tests into 2, solution: employ a coefficient alpha)

test-retest reliability

a test at 2 different points in time - relationship = correlation of scores (works well for intelligence/attitudes - constant)

evaluating reliability

r = .70 = desirable, future r = .85

classical test theory

(measures a test reliability using x= t + e)most common procedures for developing + evaluating psychology tests, includes a set of assumptions and mathmatical derivations, shows how tests work + how they measure mental ability

fundamental hypothesis of classical test theory

person’s obtained score is a function of their true score and error score

true score

actual level on a characteristic test, theta in item response theory

error score

factors that influence a person’s answer individually of their true level

classical test theory formula

key: x = obt. score, t = true score, e = error score —> x= t + e

validity

whether a test measures what it is intended to (ex. a scale weighing you accuratly)

validity evidence from test content (content validity)

whether a given test measures the content that it is supposed to measure

validity evidence from test structures (structural validity)

whether there is a match between the scales and subscales of a psychological test and the way actual items behave empirically (correlation amoung test parts, subscales, items, measuring 1 or 2 things?)

validity evidence from criterion correlation (criterion validity)

test correlates with various criteria, must be predictive, concurrent, and post-dictive

criterion (criterion validity ext)

standard of preformance/ outcomes (ex. grades)

concurrent (criterion validity ext)

happing at the same time, predicting criterion at the same time of testing, correlate w. future predictions = predictive

evidence from mental processes (mental validity)

involves directly examining the cognitive, emotional, or behavioral actions of test-takers to ensure they match the intended construct, rather than relying solely on scores

what theory is an alternative to classical test theory

item response theory: a modern, probabilistic framework for designing and scoring tests, questionnaires, and assessments by analyzing the relationship between an individual’s latent traits (e.g., ability, personality, knowledge) and their responses to specific test items - focuses on answering a single item, not the total score like CTT

how can x, t, and e change overtime

t can change due to development, growth, learning, or forgetting- e can change according to temporary factors such as fatigue, illness, anxiety, etc - and x will change if the long/short term variables change

factor analysis (most common technique to determine structural validity)

oldest way for organizing variables, group traits according to similarities, summarizing # of entities, factors measured by the scale, q’s answered the same way they are grouped together

multivariable statistic techniques

extensions of simpler stats - correlation

know how to: factor analysis readings

check notebook and slides, identify the original test items, # of factors, factor loadings, identify og. items, know how to interpret a factor

unipolar scale

only - or only + variable loadings (intelligence)

bipolar factor

both + and - variable loadings (extraversion-introversion) - - E higher, A + B lower = neg. corr.

olympian issues (where does data come from)

judges votes can be swayed based on things other than performance (ex. politics)

observer data

ex. olympians - observer/informant data - good for obvious external traits