memory

retrieval cues

faces, alphabetical, help recall

schema

categorical, cognitive framework used for organizing info ex: flipflop, suncreen, hat.

what were used to affects recall too. more likely to remember a pilot as a guy rather than a girl

semantic distinction

things that stick out

chunking

grouping similar things together to make schema

primacy recency/serial position

Best at remembering end and start, not middle

self referencing affect

personalized things aid recall

repetition aka

rehearsal

interference

negative emotions worsen recall (anxiety, nervous)

leveling

Brain simplifies material when confronted with many details

sharpening

Highlighting or emphasizing certain details

confabulation/constructive processing

Adding in a random detail, reconstruct memory, not lying

three processes of acquiring info

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

encoding

Info goes into the brain

Storage

info is maintained

retrieval

Obtain stored info

Context affect

If in the same place, recall info better

mood congruence

If in the same mood, recall is better

State dependent learning

If in the same physical state, recall better

chemical influences

stimulants: benefit memory

depressants: worsen memory

sensory memory

iconic & echoic

iconic memory

visual memory

echoic memory

auditory memory

short term/working memory

7 bits of info (give or take 2), without rehearsal are remembered. 30 second time limit

phonological loop

brain remembers what it hears more easily. so, brain uses inner voice to remember

visuospatial sketchpad

memory of physical surroundings

procedural memory

physical actions you learned, implicit

declarative memory

factual info, explicit

semantic

everything learned in school

autobiographical/episodic

learned from life experience, personal

long term brain parts

semantic: hippocampus

procedural: cerebellum

episodic: amygdala

method of loci

connecting what you learn to a place or concept

deep processing

making a personal connection

shallow processing

making a superficial connection

maintenance rehearsal

repeating things over and over again

spacing effect/distributed practice

brain remembers more when studying is spaced out

testing effect

practice tests make memory better

recognition

multiple choice. easier to remember when options are given

recall

have to come up with things on your own

tip of the tongue cause

partial encoding

amnesia cause

brain damage, drugs, trauma

retrograde

losing old memories

anterograde

lose short term memory-can’t form new memories

infant theories

don’t understand world same as when ur a baby-can’t remember

hippocampus wasn’t developed

alzheimer’s

deterioration of memory and cognitive ability do to lack of ACH

Eidetic memory

photographic memory

framing

influences the way we remember things

fragile memory cause

encoding failure

Encoding specificity

When conditions of retrieval are similar to conditions of encoding, recall is better.

Positive transfer

When you learn how to do one thing, learning something in the same schema is easier

Negative transfer

When you learn how to do one thing, learning something in the same schema is harder

Long term potentation

Strengthening of synaptic connections thru learning