A&P LECTURE EXAM #1

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Stages of mitosis

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

Interphase

•Longest stage of a cell's life

•Time spent between divisions

•Produces all materials required for growth

•Preparation for division (CHROMOTANIN)

Prophase

- Nucleus disappears

- Nuclear membrane breaks down

- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

- Spindle fibers form from centrosomes. (CHROMOTANIN)

Metaphase

- 2nd phase of mitosis

- Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

- Each chromatid is attached to the spindle with a centromere (CHROMATID)

ANAPHASE

- Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

- Each chromatid is now considered as a separate chromosome (DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES)

TELOPHASE

- Final phase of cell division

- 2 nuclear envelopes form & chromosomes begin to uncoil back to form chromatin (DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES)

CYTOKINESIS

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Functions of human life

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth, digestion

Levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

CHEMICAL LEVEL

atoms, molecules, and organelles

CELLULAR LEVEL

molecules combine to form cells

TISSUE LEVEL

groups of similar cells that have a common function

- Epithelial tissue (skin, protects), Connective Tissue (adipose, blood, bones), Muscle Tissue (cardiac, skeletal), Nervous Tissue (brain, spinal cord)

ORGAN LEVEL

one or more tissues functioning together

ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

ORGANISM

all of the components interact to allow the human to survive & flourish

Axial Subdivision

- head

- neck

- torso, or trunk, its subdivisions

- everything but arms and legs

Appendicular subdivision

Includes the upper extremities and lower extremities and their subdivisions

right hypochondriac region (1)

Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine

epigastric region (2)

located above the stomach, superior to the umbilical region (majority of stomach, part of liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen & the adrenal glands)

left hypochondriac region (3)

left upper region below the rib cartilage; diaphragm, spleen

right lumbar region (4)

right middle region near the waist

umblical region (5)

refers to the middle portion

left lumbar region (6)

left middle region near the waist

Right lilac (inguinal) region (7)

under the right lumbar region

hypogastric region (8)

lower middle portion

left lilac (inguinal) region (9)

- lateral left-hand side of the hypogastric region

- last one

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

medial (not middle)

near the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body (up and down)

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

superficial

near the surface, more on the outside (ex: skin, eyes)

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

lumen (luminal)

space inside digestive, respiratory, and urogenital organs or vessels of the body

peripheral

away from the center

cortical (cortex)

outer region of an organ

basal (base)

Base or widest part of an organ

central

brain and spinal cord

Medullary (medulla)

inner region of an organ

Apical (apex)

narrow tip of an organ

Transcytosis

Transport into, across, and then out of cell; combination of endocytosis and exocytosis

Exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Hypotonic solution

- Solution has MORE water than cells

- Water flows from L to H concentration

- Cells swell and burst (osmosis)

hypertonic solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference (L --> H)

primary active transport

Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.

secondary active transport

Form of active transport that does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

Isotonic

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

eccrine glands

glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body

sebaceous glands

oil glands

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin

Dermis

middle layer of skin

Hypodermis

loose connective tissue layer of skin below the dermis

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

osmsis

When a cell has emerged in water, the water molecules pass through the cell membrane from low solute (outside) to high solute (inside) (diffusion of water)

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

tranverse plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

Metabolism

sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that break and build food, respectively.

4 types of tissue

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

connective tissue

provides support for your body and connects all its parts

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Epethelial tissue

covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue in the skin

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Which of the following is isotonic to red blood cells?

0.9% NaCl solution

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Anabolism

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic weight

protons + neutrons

How to calculate the number of neutrons

atomic mass - atomic number

how to calculate the number of electrons

equals the number of protons

carbohydrates

Monomers = monosaccharides (Glucose, Fructose.Galactose)

Polymer = Disaccharides, Polysaccharides (starch, and glycogen)

Main Use = an immediate energy source

lipids

Monomer = glycerol and free fatty acids

Polymers = triglycerides, steroids, eicosanoids, phospholipids, prostaglandins

Main use = energy reserve, hormones, insulation, structural component of cell membrane

Proteins

Monomer = amino acids

Polymers = polypeptides or proteins

Main use = movement, transport of substances, immunity, support, catalysts for chemical reactions

nucleic acids

Monomers = nucleotides, made from sugars , a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Polymers = DNA and RNA

Main use = storage of genetic information and protein synthesis

cranial cavity

houses the brain

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

Mediastinum

space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

amphipathic

have a hydrophilic portion (water-loving), and hydrophobic portion (water-hating)

hydrohilic

water loving... requires help to pass through membrane

concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

how much water does our body contain?

60%

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

fluid inside cells

Extracelular fluid

fluid outside the cell